



*>"**, 




* J? 




<$-^ * O I. o ° «, 

v 















4- V ^ 








• *Ov A 1 * 



1 * ' !nL' 








» m s \ 





"\ --!5K-" ****** : ™- /Vlpx ♦♦**** M 


























v ^ 



-W 











r ^o^ 









n S * * r "^1. <^ 






o 



<v 







"oV 











n v « „ -^ 



a- 




























V , 



<\ 





^0* 











^ 6^ : 













. o « • . **u , $ > , 



















%°° V 



" % *+ ^ 





INSTRUCTIONS 



IN 














■El. Nils 



£*» 



CONTAINING 



A FULL DESCRIPTION OF MORE THAN EIGHT HUNDRED EXERCISES, AND ILLUSTRATED BY 

FIVE HUNDRED ENGRAVINGS. 



3 *r 



BY J. E. D'ALFONCE, 



Late Professor in the Military School in St. Petersburgh, and in Paris. 



NEW-YORK: 

GEORGE F. NESBITT & Co., PUBLISHERS AND PRINTERS, 

CORNER OF WALL AND WATER STREETS. 



1851. 



GrVbH 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1851, by 
J. E. d'Alfonce, 
in tho Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Southern District of New-York. 



' • 






PREFACE. 



Prefaces are seldom read ; but Parents and Teachers are 
requested, for the sake of their Children and Pupils, to read 
this preface, and to read it attentively. 

It is, perhaps, indecorous on my part to have spoken as 
boldly as I have done on the merits of this work, but the in- 
terest of Parents, Teachers, and Pupils renders it necessary 
that I should say a few words ; and I hope it will be admitted, 
that the knowledge acquired by many hundreds of my Pupils, 
the time I have devoted to the study and practice of Gymnas- 
tics, and the interest I feel in the subject, have really enabled 
me to render my book deserving of the praise with which I have 
presumed to introduce it. 

Nearly all the prejudices which formerly existed against the 
practice of Gymnastics have disappeared ; almost the only 
one now remaining is comprised in the question, " Of what use 
is it?" Since there are still some persons who ask this ques- 
tion, we propose answering it, presuming that doing so will be 
a proper manner of introducing this practical treatise on Gym- 
nastics to the public. 

If the object of practising Gymnastics were merely the attain- 
ment of that extraordinary skill and force which are, in reality, 
becoming only to performers in the circus, this question might 
well be asked, and it would be difficult to answer it satisfac- 
torily in favor of our science. But this supposition is a great 
error ; for, although it is true that the Acrobates are neces- 
sarily obliged to study Gymnastics, it does not follow that that 
study has not other and higher ends in view. 

The healthy development of our physical organism cannot 
be completed without the aid of this science ; this would be a 
great argument for it, but it is not that on which we mainly 
depend when advocating the scientific practice of Gymnastics. 

No ! its object is more serious, and still more useful ; it is 
essentially moral, as well as physical. Hence its greatest merit, 
and hereon is grounded the best argument for it, viz. : that it 
contributes to develop our moral and intellectual faculties. 

As long as human nature remains as God made it, a com- 
pound of two principles — body and soul — which react on each 
other during our existence, the training of these two prin- 
ciples will be a duty practised by every man who under- 
stands his nature and condition ; by every man who knows 
himself ! 



Since the invention of gunpowder, physical education has 
been imprudently neglected ; having adopted the idea, that a 
child with a gun can kill a Hercules, it has not been thought 
requisite to teach him anything else than to load his weapon 
as quickly as possible. This is a great error. The science of 
Gymnastics teaches us how to save our own or others' lives in 
great emergencies, to endure many privations, and to overcome 
many difficulties in our occupations and travels, during which 
so many obstacles arise between us and our objects. In cross- 
ing rivers, in escaping from fire, in exposure to hunger, thirst, 
heat, cold, and many other casualties, the difficulties would be, 
and often are, insurmountable to those who are not prepared 
beforehand by careful study and practice. 

Gymnastics is to the body, what study is to the mind. We 
all admit, that the intelligence fortifies itself by application and 
exercise ; this fact is the reason which induces us to give so 
much attention to the education of children. But we are not 
duly impressed with the knowledge of the advantages accruing 
to the mind from its connection with a healthy body in full 
vigor, the result of the energetic regularity of its functions ; and 
through the want of that knowledge, we are not sufficiently 
anxious to secure a physical development as nearly perfect as 
our natural organization permits. In this respect we confide 
too much to the instinctive action of nature — especially during 
childhood — and we do not seem to perceive that the body would, 
by parity of reasoning, be as much advantaged by a regular, 
systematic, and wisely conducted education, as is the mind : or, 
that the want of such an education must be as detrimental to 
the one as to the other. 

May tender mothers learn, and prudent fathers be convinced, 
that to neglect the physical education of their children, will be 
to render them imperfect, not only as children, but as men, and 
to prepare for them weakness, pain, and crime, each resulting 
from the other, and each reproducing the other, until mutually 
destroyed by a comparatively early death. Let all Parents be 
impressed with the truth of our assertion, that the education 
of the body should be directed with as much carefulness, and 
by as systematic a method, as that of the mind. 

This education of the body is rendered more necessary by 
the daily progress of civilized life, and of the luxuries attendant 
on it, which naturally produce an undue softness and effemi- 



11 



PREFACE. 



nacy, tending to depreciate the physical, and, through them, 
the intellectual and moral qualities of the human race. 

Gymnastics, well understood, is an essential part of a per- 
fect education ; therefore, we are not surprised that it has at- 
tracted the attention of the celebrated philosophers, Plato and 
Locke. Those great and wise men attached as much importance 
to the precepts of Hygieine as to those of Morality ; by advo- 
cating those they considered that they benefited these. They 
knew that the physical organism will become vicious if per- 
mitted to usurp an unjust domination, if not, from youth, ac- 
customed to absolute submission and obedience. 

Gymnastics, although productive of much enjoyment to the 
young, is not an amusement. Ordinary games, with their 
irregular movements and want of continuity, cannot replace it ; 
neither can well-disciplined and regulated Gymnastics be sub- 
stituted for the active recreations of youth. 

Supposing a youth, commencing his Gymnastic training, 
not to have any deformity and to be healthy ; he may be, never- 
theless, more or less strong, more or less adroit, more or less 
supple, better or worse proportioned. It is for Gymnastics to 
develop and perfect the corporeal nature of this youth, in the 
same manner as literary tuition should expand, direct, and 
strengthen his intellectual powers. 

These are the especial objects of Gymnastics. 

How are these objects to be attained 1 By regular exercises, 
which must be skillfully combined in such a manner that each 
part of the body receives an individual training, — the best 
adapted to the full development of the proportion, strength, and 
agility of the whole. 

Gymnastics should be practised at least three times a week 
— daily, if possible. 

We recommend to the principals of country schools, where a 
regular teacher cannot be had, to follow the course laid down 
and skillfully illustrated in this book, and not to permit any of 
the exercises to be passed over negligently. 

Exercise is to the muscles, what study is to the intellect ; 
each part of the human system is fatigued by application, but 
is, at the same time, better fortified and enlarged by it than it 
could be by any other means. 

It should be well understood, that the exercises must be pro- 
portionate to the strength, age, structure, and constitution of 
each pupil. One youth has the muscles of his arms very weak ; 
in another the same deficiency is in the legs : the chest of one 
is vigorous ; that of another is so narrow that he cannot breathe 
with sufficient freedom. It is a duty of the Parents and the 
principal Teachers, guided by medical experience, to decide on 
the choice and duration of the exercises, according to the seve- 
ral temperaments of the Pupils. 

The appetite is the most simple and infallible sign of the 
quantity and kind of exercise adapted to each Pupil : with a 
little attention the Parents cannot mistake its warnings. If, 
without any other cause but his Gymnastics, the Pupil eat less, 



the cause is that he exercises too much. On first entering the 
Gymnasium the appetite is strongly excited ; in the course of 
some time that excitement ceases spontaneously. But the ap- 
petite should remain good, without being immoderate, as during 
the first days. 

The most proper time for Gymnastic exercises is the morn- 
ing, the forenoon, or the early part of the evening. We parti- 
cularly recommend that the Pupils be never allowed to practise 
immediately after meals. 

Some of these exercises are not adapted to the female sex ; 
they do not coincide with the modesty and reserve which so well 
become them : the judgment and good taste of Mothers will 
readily make a proper choice, and the Teachers will be careful 
to modify the exercises chosen, so as to make them proper for 
their Pupils. 

Grace is the principal charm of woman ; it is natural to her, 
and the loss of that charming advantage ought not to be risked, 
by seeking to give her an undue, because an unnatural, 
strength. We go further, and advise the Teachers to modulate 
the commandment of the exercises for the young ladies ; it is 
not well that, even in things so apparently indifferent, their 
delicacy of mind and ear should be disturbed by rude sensations. 

In some respects, Gymnastics is more necessary for women 
than for men ; the obstacles opposed to their physical develop- 
ment, by the customs of civilized and polite society, are more 
numerous and more injurious than those which affect men ; and 
Gymnastics must assist the women to avoid the dreadful con- 
sequences these obstacles might occasion. It must not be for- 
gotten that young women are to be mothers, and that they 
ought to be prepared for all the consequences of this destina- 
tion, as much for their own sake as for that of their descendants. 
Every precaution must be taken in the choice of their Gymnas- 
tic exercises. The general rule is : Let the exercises be suffi- 
cient for a thorough and harmonious development of the physical 
organism of the Pupils, but do not let them be fatiguing, for 
fear of injuring that development. 

Great care must be taken to prevent catching cold ; in all 
seasons the violence of the exercises must be gradually di- 
minished as they approach their end, and the Pupils who exer- 
cise out of doors (which we adopt as the best system) must 
enter the house and change their dress as soon as they have 
ceased exercising. 

This work is published to facilitate the teaching of Gym- 
nastics; it is essentially practical, and, as such, recommended 
not only to Parents and Teachers, but also to military and 
naval officers. It will be found of excellent utility by the use- 
ful body of firemen in this country, and in every country where 
the need of common instruction gathers together men or youths 
in large numbers ; in all these instances the practice of Gym- 
nastics will be of great advantage, and our book may find in- 
telligent and interested readers. 

The work is divided into distinct parts, according to the 



PREFACE. 



in 



nature of the exercises. In the first part are described the 
exercises which can be done ■without the aid of any instru- 
ments. An ordinary room •will suffice for them. In the second 
part are described the exercises which require instruments, 
more or less expensive, for their performance. The third part 
is appropriated to exercises requiring a certain extent of space 
for their execution. 

This work contains upwards of eight hundred exercises. 
The number could have been increased, ad infinitum, but those 
given are sufficient for the development of every part of the 
human system ; and to prevent the tiresomeness of repetition, 
not only in one, but in many lessons, by the most advanced 
pupils, every intelligent person can vary and add to them at 
pleasure. 

We do not intend to say, that all the lessons here given must 
be executed without exceptions ; they may be chosen according 
to the taste and aptitude of the Pupils. 

A Few Hints to Teachers of Gymnastics. 

Insist upon great discipline and regularity ; do not permit 
any noise or romping ; have a perfect control over yourself ; be 
cheerful, but firm in your commands ; do not, under any cir- 
cumstances, permit willfulness ; always remember, that by ad- 
hering strictly to the rules, you will spare yourself the mortifi- 
cation, your Pupils the suffering, and their Parents the grief, 
which would result from accidents. 

Petted, willful children are unfit for the Gymnasium ; if you 
have any such, be watchful over them : the Pupils must be 
always attentive to your commands, and never quit the exercise 
you have assigned to them ; they must listen attentively to your 
explanations ; and the junior Pupils must observe the practice 
of the more expert. 

The neglect of these rules is, without doubt, nearly the only 
cause of the accidents we sometimes have to deplore. 

The attention of the Pupils to the success or failure of their 
companions, is productive of an emulation which should not be 
banished from the Gymnasium or the School ; for, in each of 
them, it may be productive of beneficial effects, if limited by 
just bounds ; but you must be careful that it be not carried too 
far, especially in wrestling, and with the dynamometer. 

Singing is an essential part of Gymnastics, for it strengthens 
the lungs ; let it be practised with the exercises of the first part, 
in running, and with all the exercises executed by several Pu- 
pils at the same time. 

Military evolutions would form an excellent complement to 
Gymnastics. It would be an easily acquired and pleasing 
knowledge, and, being almost identical with Gymnastics, might 
easily be introduced into Schools — even primary Schools — and 
thus prepare our youth, imperceptibly, for the army. In some 
parts of Europe, particularly in Switzerland, this branch is ex- 
tensively practised. 



The engravings, which form part of this work, will be of 
great use. There is not any other book in the English lan- 
guage which is at all adapted to accomplish the object I have in 
view ; but I am convinced that this book will entirely satisfy its 
readers, as well as myself. 

Most of the Gymnasia in this country are very defective in 
their construction, for want of correct works, giving a detailed 
description of the sizes, forms, and uses of the instruments. In 
order to remedy this evil, I have also added to this work 
plans of the machines and instruments used in the Gymnasia of 
Europe ; and seven years' practice with Pupils of all ages has 
enabled me to choose the most convenient ; every instrument 
must be perfect in construction and materials ; life and limb 
must not be endangered to save expense on this account. 

No choice of words can so perfectly explain the movements 
and positions of the exercises, as well-executed figures ; there- 
fore, I have not spared either expense or labor on these en- 
gravings. I offer to American Pupils a book containing a 
perfect system of Gymnastic science — not amusement ; and I 
shall be happy by having promoted this branch of education, 
and thereby facilitating the bringing up of well-trained, healthy 
youths, to have been able to repay a part of the debt which I 
owe to America for the freedom I enjoy, and for the hospitality 
and friendship I have received from her citizens. 

The improvement of the physical strength will certainly in- 
crease the moral power ; a strong man, by a bold action ap- 
plied with judgment, may save hundreds, perhaps thousands, 
of lives ; and in what country are there more frequent proofs 
of this fact, than in America 1 Its wide extent of sea-board ; 
its mediterranean seas, its innumerable rivers and canals; its 
extensive railroads and traffic ; and its difficult routes through 
forests, marshes, and the wilderness, — altogether present a mass 
of obstacles which only the most hardy can expect to surmount ; 
an immense number are annually lost in attempting to over- 
come them. This is sufficient proof that a man must possess 
not only the will, but also the power necessary ; and that power 
can only exist in a strong body improved by practice. 

I do not know any country where Gymnastic training is more 
necessary than it is here ; neither do I know any where this 
science is less cultivated. Here it ought to obtain not only in- 
dividual encouragement, but the Governments of the States 
should advance and patronize it as efficiently as they protect 
the public education of the people. Let us have not only 
Common Schools, but let a Gymnasium be attached to each of 
them ; it costs but little, and would produce immense advan- 
tages. It would prevent much of the sickness — such as colds, 
influenza, and consumption — now brought on by the children 
being confined in hot rooms during the winter ; it would save, 
them from the attacks of nervous debility, occasioned by want 
of exercise, or by what is still worse, unregulated exercise. 



INSTRUCTIONS 



IN 



GYMNAST 



PART I. 



PRELIMINARY EXERCISES WITHOUT MACHINERY OR INSTRUMENTS. 



CHAPTER I. 

ARTICLE I. — To turn the head to the right and to the left. 
(Fig. 1, PL I.) 

The pupils are placed in a line at a distance of a step from each 
other, if exercised out of doors. 

The Instructor commands — Attention. 

1. Turn the head to the right and to the left. 2. One — two — 3. Stop. 

At the first command, turn the head very slowly to the right as far 
as possible. 

At the second command, turn the head in the same manner to the 
left, and continue the movements. 

At the command stop, the movements cease, and the head returns 
to a straight position. 

The Instructor will pay attention that the pupils do not turn their 
shoulders at the same time as their heads. 



ART. II. — To bend the head forward and backward. [Fig. 2, 
a-b, PL I. 

The Instructor commands — Attention. 

1. Bend the head forward and backward. 2. One — two — 3. Stop. 

At the command one, incline the head toward the chest, (a.) 

At the command two, raise the head, and incline it moderately hack- 
ward (6), and continue the movements. At the third command, the 
head is to return to an upright position. 



ART. III. — To incline the head to the right and to the left. 
(Fig. 3, PL I.) 

The Instructor commands — Attention. 

1 Incline the head to the right or to the left. 2. One — two — 3. Stop. 
At the command one, incline the head slowly to the right. 

2 



At the command two, raise it, and incline it to the left. 

At the third command, the head returns to an upright position. 

These exercises should not be practised too long. 



ART. IV. — To bend the body forward and backward. (Fig. 4> 
a-b, PL I.) 

The Instructor commands — Attention. 

1. Bend the body forward and backward. 2. One — two — 3. Stop. 

At the command one, incline the body forward, without bending the 
knees, so as to touch the ground with outstretched fingers, the palms 
turned inward, (a.) 

After touching the ground, just before the feet, stand upright, throw 
the arms back, and spread them a little — bend the body slowly back, 
ward, (&,) then return to the first position. 

Repeat the same until the command stop. 



CHAPTER II. 

Movements of the Arms. 

ART. I. — Vertical movement of the arms, without bending 
them. (Fig. 5, PL I.) 

The Instructor commands — Attention. 

1. Raise and let fall the arms without bending them. 2. Ready — 
3. Stop. 

At the second command, raise your arms quickly to a vertical posi- 
tion, without bending them, the hands closed, the nails inward, and in 
the same manner bring them to the legs, but not beyond them. 

Continue the same until the command stop. 

Thia exercise should be practised with a song. 



6 



INSTRUCTIONS IN 



ART. II.— Vertical flexible movement of the arms. {Fig. 6, 
PL I.) 

The Instructor commands — Attention. 

1. Raise and drop the arms with flexion. 2. Ready — 3. Stop. 

At the second command, turn the upper part of the hands forward, 
close them, and raise them nearly to the arm-pits, the elbows being 
moved from the body ; then raise the arms as strongly and quickly as 
possible, above the head in a slanting position, the fingers facing each 
other ; after that, lower the hands to the shoulders, the elbows being 
outward, and by an inward rotary movement, executed energetically, 
place them in the natural position. 

Continue the same movements until the command stop. 

This exercise should be practised with a song. 



ART. III. — Rotary movement of the arms. {Fig. 7, PL I.) 

The pupils are placed at the distance of three steps from each other. 

The Instructor commands — Attention. 

1. Rotary movement of the arms. 2. Ready — 3. Stop. 

At the word ready, make a blow forward with the right arm, the 
hand closed, then describe a circle by a downward or upward rotation, 
the fist passing close to the leg, and continue until the command stop. 

After this, execute the same movement with the left arm, and then 
with both arms simultaneously. 

This exercise is executed with different degrees of velocity. 



ART. IV. — Horizontal movement of the arms. (.Fig. 8, a-b, 
PL I.) 

The Instructor commands — Attention. 

1. Horizontal movement of the arms. 2. Ready — 3. Stop. 

At the first command, stretch the arms parallelly forward, the hands 
closed, the nails inward. 

At the second, throw the elbows back, the arms touching the body, 
(a,) then stretch them again forward, (6.) and repeat the movements 
until the command stop. 

This exercise should be executed with a song. 



AKT. V. — Right and left, horizontal and vertical move- 
ment of the arms. {Fig. 9, a-b, PL I.) 

The pupils are at a distance of three steps from each other. 

The Instructor commands — Attention. 

1. Extend the arms horizontally and vertically. 2. Ready — 3. Stop. 

At the first command, extend simultaneously the arms sideways, the 
hands open and turned toward the ground, the fingers straight, and 
touching each other, (a.) 

At the second, raise the arms vertically above the head, the hands 
touching each other, the thumbs crossed, (6,) in this position, bend the 
hands often without allowing the thumbs to separate. Return to the 
first position, by separating the thumbs, and repeat the movement until 
the command stop. 



1. Bend the leg 

2. March. 



CHAPTER III. 
Movements of the Legs. 

ART. I.— Bending the legs. (Fig. 10, PL I.) 

The Instructor commands — Attention. 

Slow time. 
Quick time. 
Double quick time. 
3. Stop. 

At the command march, bend the left leg backward as high as pos 

sible, keeping the thigh and body straight ; put the foot on the ground 

again, do the same with the other leg, and continue alternately until 

the command stop. 

Notice. — Slow time is seventy-six movements per minute ; quick time, 
one hundred and twenty ; and double quick time, two hundred. 



2. March, 

3. Stop. 



ART. II. — Bending of thighs and legs. (Fig. 11, PL I.) 

The Instructor commands — Attention. 

1. Bend the thighs and legs. 

Slow time. 
Quick time. 
Double quick time. 

On the word march, raise the left thigh to a horizontal position, the 
legs hanging naturally, the toes pointing to the ground, and turned a 
little outward; then place the foot on the ground; commence the same 
movement with the right leg, and repeat the movements until the com- 
mand STOP. 

This and the preceding exercise are executed without changing the 
position of either head or body. 

In slow and quick time, the whole foot touches the ground ; but in 
double quick time, these movements are executed by continual jump- 
ing on the toes. 

Both exercises can be executed with the hands on the ancles. The 
Instructor in that case commands — Attention. 

1. The hands on the ancles. 2. Bend the legs, &c. — 3. March. 

At the first command, put the hands on the ancles, the fingers 
straight and forward, the thumbs behind. 

These exercises should be executed with a sonar. 



ART. III. — Bending upon the haunches. 

The Instructor commands — Attention. 
1. Bend upon the haunches. 2. Ready*- 



{Fig. 12, PI. I.) 



■3. Stop. 

At the command ready, lower slowly the thighs, closely pressing on 
the calves, the arms hanging naturally ; all the weight of the body rest- 
ing on the toes ; then rise gradually, with the body straight, and 
repeat the same movement until the command stop. 

This exercise should be executed with a song. I particularly recom- 
mend this kind of exercise to the pupils. 



ART. IV.— To run in a gymnastic chain. (Mach. No. 2, PL J.) 

The pupils are placed in a gymnastic chain, at the distance of three 
steps from each other. 



GYMNASTICS, 



The Instructor commands — Attention. 

1. Squad forward. 2. Quick time, &c. — 3. March — 4. Halt. 

At the first command, put the whole weight of the body on the right 
foot. 

At the command march, begin with a natural impulse by the left 
foot, permitting the arms to take their natural motion. 

The first pupil, who must be well drilled, or a monitor, runs all the 
turns of the chain without stopping ; the rest follow, and preserve the 
same distance from each other. 

When the pupils meet each other at the intersection of the circles, 
one of the parties shortens or lengthens the steps, to avoid running 
against each other. 

The Instructor takes the most convenient place, and stops the squad 
when he judges proper. 

The velocity of double quick time is two hundred steps per minute. 



CHAPTER IV. 
Equilibrium. 

ART. I. — To STAND UPON ONE LEG, THE OTHER BEING BENT FORWARD. 

{Fig. 13, PL I.) 

The Instructor commands — Attention . 

1. Stand upon one foot, the other bent forward. 2. Ready — 3. Stand 

AT EASE. 

At the second command, put the whole weight of the body upon the 
right foot. 

At the third command, raise the lefc knee as high as possible; seize it 
with both hands, the fingers grasping the middle of the leg, press it 
lightly to the thigh, and the thigh to the abdomen, the foot hanging 
naturally, the body straight ; remain in that position until the third 
command, after which stand at ease. 

The equilibrium upon the lefc foot is executed in the same manner. 



ART. II. — To stand upon one leg, the other being bent back- 
ward. (Fig. 14, PL I.) 

The Instructor commands — Attention. 

1. Stand upon the right leg, bend the left backward. 2. Ready — 
3. Rest. 

At the second command, put the whole weight of the body upon the 
right foot. 

At the third, bend the left leg backward ; seize itatthe ancle with the 
left hand, the right arm stretched upward, with the hand closed, and 
the nails inward. Remain in that position until the fourth command; 
then stand at ease. 

The equilibrium on the left leg will be practised in the same manner. 



ART. III. — To fall on the knees, and rise again. (Fig. 15, 
PL I.) 

The Instructor commands — Attention. 
1. Fall on the knees. 2. Rise up. 

At the first command, bend the knees to the ground, the thighs press- 
ed together and touching the heels, the toes making a right angle with 



the ground, the arms hanging naturally, the hands closed, the body 
erect. 

At the third command, rise with a quick movement, stretching the 
arms above the head, with closed hands, to the first position. 



ART. IV. — To BEND THE BODY FORWARD UPON ONE FOOT. (Fig. 16, 

PL I.) 

The Instructor commands — Attention. 

1 Equilibrium upon the right foot, the body bent forward. 2. Ready 
— 3. Rest. 

At the first command, put the whole weight of the body upon the 
right leg. 

At the second, bend the body forward, the left arm extended, the fist 
parallel with the shoulder, the right foot bent a little, the left arm and 
foot stretched out backward, the hand closed, nails outward, the toes 
pointed to the ground. Remain in that position until the third com- 
mand; then stand at ease. 

The equilibrium upon the left foot i3 similar. 

The instructor may direct the pupils to hop forward and backward 
in that position. 



ART. V. — To bend backward upon one foot. (Fig. 17, PL J.) 

The Instructor commands — Attention. 

1. The equilibrium upon the right foot, the body bent backward. 
2. Ready — 3. Rest. 

At the first command, put the whole weight of the body upon the 
right foot. 

At the second, bend the body backward to the utmost, at the same 
time bending the right leg, the left arm and leg extended forward, the 
hands closed, nails inward, the right arm hanging naturally. Remain 
in that position until the third command. 

The exercise upon the left foot is similar. 



ART. VI. — To lean the body to the right or left, upon one 
foot. (Fig. 18, PL I.) 

The Instructor commands — Attention. 

1. Equilibrium upon the right foot, the body leaning to the right. 
2. Ready — 3. Rest'. 

At the first command, put the whole weight of the body upon the 
right foot. 

At the second command, incline the body as much as possible to the 
right, the right arm hanging naturally, the left arm and leg extended, 
and raised to the left ; hand closed, the nails outward. Remain in 
that position until the third command. 

The exercise upon the left foot is similar. 



CHAPTER V. 



Elementary Development of the Strength of the Muscles- 
Movement with the Arms. 

ART. 1. — Striking the chest with the fist. (Fig. 19, PL ■*■) 
The Instructor commands — Attention. 



INSTRUCTIONS IN 



1. Strike the chest. 2. Ready— 3. Stop. 

At the second command, strike the chest above the left nipple, with 
the right fist, the nails inward, the elbow near the body. Drop the 
right arm to its natural position, and commence the same with the left 
fist, and so changing, continue until the command stop. 

This exercise can be practised with a song. 



ART. H. To STRIKE THE ARMS FORWARD ALTERNATELY. {Fig. 20, 

PL I.) 

The Instructor commands — Attention. 

1. Strike the arms forward alternately. 2. Ready — 3. Stop. 

At the first command, put the fists on the chest, the elbows back. 

At the second, throw the right fist forward, stretching the right arm 
quickly with a jerk to its full length, at the same time putting forward 
the right shoulder. 

The second movement consists in drawing the right arm as quickly 
back ; continuing the same with the left, and so on, until the command 
stop. 

The same exercise can be executed with both arms at the same time. 

I particularly recommend this exercise to the pupils. 



ART. III. — Holding ealls in the hands. {Fig- 21, PL I.) 

The Instructor commands — Attention. 

1. Hold the ball in the right hand, or the left hand, or both hands. 
2. Ready — 3. Stop. 

At the first command, take the ball from the ground. 

At the second, take the position indicated in the figure, turn the 
wrist out, hold the ball fast, and remain in that position as long as 
possible. 

This exercise is executed in the same manner with the left hand. 

Holding balls in each hand, can be executed by extending both arms 
forward or sideways, the feet remaining together. 

At the third command, stand at ease. 

In this exercise, emulation may be allowed. 



ART. IV. — To throw balls. {Individual exercises.) — {Fig. 22, 
a-b, PL I.) 

The Instructor commands — Attention. 

1. Throw the ball forward. 2. Ready — 3. One — two — three. 

At the first command, take the ball in the right hand. 

At the second command, put the right foot back about fourteen 
inches, and a little to the left, the knees slightly bent, the weight of 
the body resting upon both legs; the right arm stretched back, (a.) 

At the command one, balance the right arm forward, and return 
to the first position. 

At the command two, repeat the same movement. 

At the command three, throw the ball as far as possible, (6.) 

The pupils may exercise by throwing heavy and voluminous objects, 
the arm below the elbow placed vertically, the elbow close to the body. 

This exercise with the left hand, is executed in the same manner. 

This exercise can be executed also with two balls, one in each hand ; 
in that case the pupil takes the position the most convenient to him. 

The same exercise can be repeated by throwing bullets as high as 
possible, but no precise rules as to the position need to be observed. 



Lastly, the pupil may be exercised by throwing alternately, stones, 
bricks, and small missiles, at a given object, the distance being regu- 
lated by the strength and skill of the pupil. 

All these exercises ought to be practised one by one, and with care. 



ART. V. — Exercises with clubs. {Fig. 23, a-b, PL Ii) 

The pupils are placed at the distance of three steps from each other, 
and every odd number four steps forward ; the clubs are placed erect 
on the ground, about four inches from the feet. 

1st Exercise. Shoulder the clues. 

The Instructor commands — Attention. 

1. Shoulder the clubs to the right {or to the left, .) 2. One— 3. Two. 

At the command one, the pupil seizes the club with the right hand, 
the palm turned out. 

At the command two, he raises the club from the ground, by giv- 
ing it a forward movement, and places it against the right shoulder, so 
that the big end touches the upper part of the arm, the elbow close to 
the body, the left hand hanging naturally, (&.) 

This exercise is executed in the same manner with the left hand. 

If the pupils are exercised with two clubs, they execute these move- 
ments simultaneously, or alternately, with each hand. 

2nd Exercise. To put the club behind. {Fig. 24, PL I.) 

The Instructor commands — Attention. 

1. Put the club behind. 2. One— 3. Two. 

At the command one, the pupil advances a little the acting shoul- 
der, slips the club horizontally upon the shoulder, and throws it back- . 
ward perpendicularly. 

At the command two, he replaces the club in the first position, and 
repeats this exercise many times with the right hand before commenc- 
ing with the left. 

Then he may exercise with both hands and two clubs. 

3rd Exercise. To throw the club back. {Fig. 25, PL 7.) 

The Instructor commands — Attention. 

1. Throw the club back. 2. One— 3. Two.] 

At the command one, the preceding rules are observed; only, in- 
stead of slipping the club slowly, the pupil passes it quickly over his 
shoulder, and lets it hang by his side. 

At the command two, the elbow is brought close to the body, and 
the former position retaken. 

This exercise is executed alternately with the right and the left 
hand, and then with both hands, if the pupil is exercising with two 
clubs. 

4th Exercise. To hold the club forward. {Fig. 26, PL 7.) 

The Instructor commands — Attention. 

1. Hold the club forward. 2. One— 3. Two. 

At the command one, the pupil puts the club quickly forward, the 
arm extended, the nails inward. 

At the command two, he turns the wrist, the nails downward ; 
opening the fingers slowly, he lets the club descend, and by a move- 
ment given to it, describes a half-circle, and brings it to the shoulder in 
the first position. 

This exercise is executed with the right and the left hand singly, then 
with both hands alternately ; and at last with both hands simultane- 
ously ; if the pupils are armed with two clubs. 



GYMNASTICS, 



9 



5th Exercise. To Hold the club sideways to the right. (Fig. 
27, PL I.) 

The Instructor commands — Attention. 

1. Hold the club sideways to the right. 2. One — 3. Two — 4. Three. 

At the command one, the pupil stretches the right hand, with the 
club forward, in a horizontal position, the nails outward. 

At the command two, he describes three-quarters of a circle with 
the club, draws the elbow to the body, the hand on a line with and 
near to the right shoulder, the wrist turned in, and the club in a verti- 
cal position. 

At the command three, the pupil lowers the club to the shoulder. 

This exercise is executed in the same manner with the left hand. 

6th Exercise. To hold the club inside, to the left. 

The Instructor commands — Attention. 

1. Hold the club inside, to the left. 2. One — 3. Two — 4. Three — 
5. Four. 

At the command one, the pupil passes his club quickly to the left 
side in a horizontal position, the arm close to the body. 

At the command two, he describes three-quarters of a circle to the 
right, bends the arm, and passes the club behind the head, the hand on 
a line with the ears. 

At the command three, he lowers the club to the right, bringing 
his hand slowly to the right shoulder. 

At the command four, he slides the club on the shoulder, and re- 
takes the first position. 

This exercise is executed in the same manner with the left hand. 

7th Exercise. To raise the club forward horizontally above 

THE HEAD. (Fig. 28, PL II.) 

The Instructor commands — Attention. 

1. Raise the club forward luorizontally above the head. 2. One — 
3. Two— 4. Three. 

At the command one, the pupil raises the club quickly, horizon- 
tally before the body, by stretching the arm forward, the nails inside. 

At the command two, he turns the wrist, the nails outside, stretches 
the arm, directing the club to the left, and carries it horizontally above 
the head, bending the arm. 

At the command three, he puts the club in the first position, the 
hand touching the shoulder. 

This exercise is executed with the right and left hand alternately. 

8th Exercise. To raise the club vertically, and pass it behind 

THE HEAD. (Fig. 29, PL II.) 

The Instructor commands — Attention. 

1. Pass the club behind the head. 2. One— 3. Two— 4. Three. 

At the command one, the pupil holds the arm and the club in a 
vertical position. 

At the command two, he directs the club to the left, by bending 
the elbow. 

At the command three, he passes the club behind his head, and 
then retakes the first position, the hand touching the body. 

This exercise is executed with the right and left hand alternately. 

9th Exercise. To pass the club round the body. {Fig. 30, o-&, 
PL ID 
The Instructor commands — Attention. 



1. Pass the club round the body. 2. One — 3. Two — 4. Three. 

At the command one, the pupil reverses the club, placing the big 
end downward, and lets it hang naturally. 

At the command two, he carries the club to his left, raising his 
hand gradually, (a.) 

At the command three, he turns the hand with the nails outward, 
carries the club to the right, in the position of the first movement, turns 
the hand again with the nails inward. He repeats this many times. 

This exercise is executed with the right and left hand alternately. 

10th Exercise. To pass the club round to the right, or to 

THE LEFT. 

The Instructor commands — Attention. 

1. Pass the club round to the left. 2. One — 3. Two. 

At the command one, the pupil carries the club quickly to the 
right, in a horizontal position, the right arm extended, the nails for- 
ward. 

At the command two, he describes a whole circle with the arm 
close to the body, and returns to the first position. He repeats this 
many times. 

When exercising with the left hand, he passes the club to the right. 

11th Exercise. To put the club on the ground. 

The Instructor commands — Attention. 

1. Put the club on the ground. 

At this command, the pupil inclines the big end to the ground, bends 
slightly the upper part of the body, places the club about four inches 
before the feet, and stands at ease. 

12th Exercise. To carry the clubs at arms' length. 

The merit of this exercise rests in supporting the club as long as pos- 
sible; it should be done with emulation. 

observations. 

In all these exercises the Instructor causes the movements to be 
made at first slowly, so as to accustom the pupils to take the right 
positions. 

In these exercises, also, the movements are separated, to render their 
parts more distinct; but when the pupils are well exercised, they should 
execute all the movements successively, until the command stop. 



CHAPTER VI. 
Movements of the Legs. 

ART. I. — Simultaneous bending of the legs. (Fig. 31, PL II.) 

This and the following exercises are executed with the hands placed 
upon the hips, or hanging ; or else by giving a jerk with both hands, at 
the same time stretching them forward, closed, the nails inward. 

The Instructor commands — Attention. 

1. Simultaneous bending of the legs. 2. March — 3. Stop. 

At the command march, the pupil throws both legs backward, so 
as to touch the hind parts of the legs with the calves and heels, the 
body and the thighs straight ; he falls on the toes in regaining the 
position. 



10 



INSTRUCTIONS IN 



This exercise is continued'with the command onk, repeated each 
time. 

If it is executed 'with the arms raised, they should be held up at first. 
In case it should he executed at random, it ceases at the command 

STOP. 



ART. II. — Simultaneous bending of the hips and knees. {Fig. 
32, PL II.) 

The Instructor commands — Attention. 

1. Simultaneous bending of the hips and knees. 2. March — 3. Stop. 

At the first command the pupil draws himself up, by a strong move- 
ment, bends simultaneously his hips and knees as much as possible, 
falls upon his toes, and takes the first position. 

This exercise continues and ceases as the last. 



ART. III. — Hopping on the right or left foot, or jumping. 
(Fig. 33, PI. II.-) 

The Instructor commands — Attention. 

1. Hopping on the right or left foot, or jumping on both feet. 2. March 
— 3. Stop. 

At the first command, the pupil puts the whole weight of the body 
upon the acting leg, bending the other, the thigh held horizontally, the 
leg hanging naturally. 

At the command march, he carries himself forward, by hopping, and 
continues until the command stop. 

Jumping is executed, by throwing the whole weight of the body upon 
the toes. 

With each movement, the pupil throws the arms forward, the hands 
closed, the nails inward. 



ART. IV. — To BEND THE INFERIOR LIMBS, AND TO MARCH IN THAT 

position. {Fig. 34, PL II.) 

The Instructor commands — Attention. 

1 Bend the inferior limbs. 2. Forward — 3. March — 4. Stop. 

At the first command, the pupil bends the inferior limbs, as explained, 
(Fig. 12, PL I,) and throws the weight of the body on the right foot. 

At the command march, he carries the left leg forward, placing 
the foot on the ground ; he does the same with the right leg, and so 
continues until the command stop. 

After that command, he rises up, and stands at ease. 

If the gymnastic establishment possesses stirrup bullets, the pupils 
hop on each foot alternately, carrying the bullet on the extremity of 
the other foot. 

Pupils may be also exercised by marching upon the toes and heels; 
by ascending or descending declivities, stairs, &c. 



CHAPTER VII. 

Wrestling. 

preliminary positions. 



The pupils being numbered, and placed at intervals of two steps, the 
Instructor commands — Attention. 



1. The odd numbers raise the left arms. 2. To the left — 3. March — 
4. Ready. 

At the first command, the odd numbers raise the arms quickly to a 
horizontal position. 

At the command march, the odd numbers step with the left foot 
forward, and place themselves facing the even numbers to their left, 
at three feet distance. 

At the command ready, the odd numbers drop their hands natu- 
rally. 

If the Instructor wishes the pupils to return to the line, he com- 
mands : 

1. The odd numbers in line, left. 2. March. 

In wrestling, the pupils do not cease until the command stop, and 
should observe, that the object is not, in any case, to throw their anta- 
gonists down. 

The # teachers, as well as parents, will be careful in observing these 
rules. 



ART. I. — To wrestle with the hands, the fingers being inter- 
locked. (Fig. 35, PL II.) 

The Instructor commands— Attention. 

1. Wrestle with the hands, the fingers being interlocked. 2. Ready — 
3. Commence — 4. Stop. 

At the command — ready, the pupils put their left feet about four- 
teen inches forward, bend the left leg, and stretch the right to support 
the effort ; throw the weight of the body forward, hold the head erect, 
raise the arms and hands on a line with the shoulders, the palms 
of the hands turned forward, and interlock their fingers with those 
of their antagonists, looking them in the face. 

At the command commence, each pupil pushes energetically 
straight forward, his arms extended parallelly, and, squeezing his 
fingers forcibly, endeavors to move his antagonist backward. 

At the command stop, the efforts cease immediately, and each pupil 
stands at ease, facing his antagonist. 

This rule is applicable to all wrestling. 



ART. II. — Wrestling with the fingers bent. (Fig. 36, PL II.) 

The Instructor commands — Attention. 

1. Wrestling with the fingers bent. 2. Ready — 3. Commence — 4. Stop. 

At the command ready, the pupils place themselves as indicated 
above, the odd numbers stretch their arms, the palms of the hands 
turned out, the fingers a little bent. The even numbers put their 
hands opposite, in the same manner; in that position each pupil hooks 
his fingers with those of his antagonist. 

At the command commence, each pulls strongly, and tries to move 
his antagonist from his place. 



ART. III. — Struggle with the hands interlaced. (Fig. 37, 
PL II.) 

The Instructor commands — Attention. 

1. Wrestle with the hands interlaced. 2. Ready — 3. Commence — 
4. Stop. 

At the command ready, each pupil seizes his left wrist with his 
right hand, the thumbs downward, places himself in the manner 
described in the preceding wrestle, and seizes with his left hand the 



GYMNASTICS 



11 



right wrist of his antagonist, their hands heing on a line with their 
shoulders, (a.) 

At the third command, hoth pull or push gradually, or hy jerks, to 
the right or left, forward or backward, up or down, each trying to dis- 
place his antagonist. 



ART. IV. To WRESTLE WITH THE SHOULDERS. {Fig. 38, PL I I.') 

The Instructor commands — Attention. 

1. Wrestle with the shoulders. 2. Ready — 3. Commence — 4. Stop. 

At the command ready, each pupil places his legs, as explained 
above, extends his arms forward, lays his hands on the shoulders of his 
antagonist, the thumbs downward, his fingers over the shoulders, the 
right arm outside, the left inside. 

At the third command, each pupil pushes his antagonist strongly, 
and tries to displace him from his position. 



ART. V. — To pull the handles standing. {Fig. 39, PL II.) 

The pupils being placed opposite each other, as in the preceding- 
wrestles, each odd number holds the handle with his left hand — the 
rope passing between the first and second fingers. 

The Instructor commands — Attention. 

1. Pull the handles. 2. Left or right side forward — 3. Ready — 
4. Commence — 5. Stop. 

On the command ready, the pupils put their feet as indicated 
above, and stretch their left arms forward horizontally, the nails 
downward, the right arm hanging naturally, the hand closed, and 
about three inches from the hip; the antagonist seizes the handle with 
the left hand, the rope passing between the first and second fingers. 

At the third command, each pupil pulls strongly, gradually, or by 
jerks, trying to displace his antagonist in a direct line, without chang- 
ing his own position to the right or left. 

Pulling with the right side forward, is executed in the same manner. 

Pulling with both hands, is executed by seizing the handle so that 
the rope passes between them ; in that case the pupils place their left 
feet forward. 

The Instructor commands — Attention. 

1. Pull with both hands. 2. Ready — 3. Commence — 4. Stop. 

The strongest of the pupils will execute the same exercise with two 
handles — one in each hand — and with two antagonists. 

The pupils will bear in mind, not to let go the handle, without giv- 
ing warning to their antagonists, and to practise these exercises in open 
ground ; or, if in rooms, to put aside all the chairs, tables, &c. 



ART. VI. — To pull the handles, seated. {Fig. 41, a-b, PL II.) 

The pupils being placed opposite each other, the Instructor com- 
mands — Attention. 

1. Pull the handles seated. 2. Ready — 3. One — two — three. 

At the command ready, the pupils sit down, put their legs toge- 



ther, and extend their feet forward, so as to touch each other's soles ; 
place the handle between them, lean backward, and place their hands 
on their knees, {a.) 

At the command one, both pupils grasp the handle, near the ropes 
with both hands, without bending their knees. 

At the command two, they commence pulling, without great effort. 

At the command three, pronounced with energy, they pull strongly 
and try to raise their antagonists, {b.) 

The Instructor recommends not to alter the position of the feet, not 
to bend sideward, and, above all, not to let go the handle when rising. 

As soon as one of the pupils is raised, the struggle ceases ; each 
stands at ease, and the successful one keeps the handle in the left 
hand. 

The Instructor may try all those who are successful together, and 
if two should remain unconquered, he may measure their strength by 
the dynamometer, and take notes thereof. 



ART. VII. — Pushing with the double crutches. {Fig. 40, PL II: 
Mack. No. 6, PL I.) 

The pupils are placed opposite each other, the odd numbers having 
the crutches in their right hands. 

The Instructor commands — Attention. 

1. Push with the double crutches. 2. Right shoulder forward — 
3. Ready — 4. Commence — 5. Stop. 

At the command ready, each pupil puts his right foot forward, 
leaning his body in that direction, bending the right knee a little ; at 
the same time he applies the concave part of the instrument to his 
shoulder, keeps the stick in the right hand, the arm a little bent, the 
left arm hanging naturally. 

At the fourth command, each pushes his antagonist strongly, and 
tries to force him from his position. 

The struggle with the left shoulder is executed in the same manner. 



CHAPTER VIII. 
Exercises of Singing. 

It is very advantageous to accompany most of the exercises and 
movements by the voice, and particularly, 

1st. Those which ought to be executed together. 

2nd. Those which are repetitions of the same movement — as bending, 
jumping, running, &c. 

The exercise of the voice is, above all, an indispensable part of gym- 
nastics ; it has a salutary influence on the development of the chest. It 
is incontestable that it acts powerfully upon the morals of men, when 
it expresses elevated sentiments. 

No rules of teaching it are prescribed : a sure and rapid method, 
one that can teach the pupils to read easy music in a month or two, is 
requisite. 



PART IL 

APPLICATION EXERCISES. 

TO JUMP OVER DITCHES, RAVINES, ETC., OR TO TRAVERSE GROUND FULL OF NATURAL OBSTACLES. 



CHAPTER I. 
Jumping. 

The exercises of this chapter ought to be executed with extreme 
prudence. 

The Instructor takes care not to allow the emulation which animates 
the pupils, to degenerate into a spirit of rivalry, which will excite 
them to dangerous efforts. 

In cold weather, he abstains from executing jumps which require 
violent efforts, and he will always excuse the pupils who do not feel 
themselves disposed to execute them. 

Neglect of the rules alone, may cause an accident. 

The Instructor may gradually increase the dimensions of an obstacle 
to be jumped over, but must never force the best pupils to jump down 
more than twelve feet. 

JUMPING WITHOUT INSTRUMENTS. 
ART. I. — Jumping with joined legs. {Fig. 42, a~b, PL II.) 
1st Exercise. Jumping forward. 

The Instructor commands — Attention. 

1st Jumping forward. 2. One — two — three. 

At the first command, the pupil puts his feet together. 

At the command one, he bends upon his haunches ; raising his 
heels a little, and extending his arms backward, the t hands closed, (a,) 
he stretches himself, the hands hanging naturally. 

At the command two, he repeats the same movements. 

At the command three, he repeats the two first movements, 
stretches the thighs quickly, throws the arms forward, jumps over the 
distance or obstacle, (6,) falls upon the toes, bends the body, and 
stands up. 

2nd Exercise. Jumping in height. {Fig. 43, a-b, PL II.) 

The pupil standing before a table, a bench, or some other object, 
the Instructor commands — Attention. 

1. Jumping in height. 2. One — two — three. 

At these commands the pupils execute the above rules, with the dif- 
ference, that at the command three, they throw the arms up to aid 
the raising of the body, {a.) 

If the table, bench, or other object, be so near as to prevent the 
bending forward of the legs, the pupil bends them backward, (b.) 



3rd Exercise. Simple jumping downward. {Fig. 44, a-b, PI. II!) 

The pupil standing upon a wall, table, bench, or some other object, 
the Instructor commands — Attention. 

1. Simple jumping downward, forward. 2. One — two — three. 

At the first command, the pupil joins his feet, and puts them a little 
over the edge of what he stands up on. 

A.t the command one, he bends slowly the inferior limbs, throws the 
arms forward, and resumes the first position, (a.) 

At the command two, he repeats the same. 

At the command three, he repeats the two first movements, dimi- 
nishes as much as possible the height of the body, leaves the elevation 
upon which he stands, extends the feet, raises the arms, (b,) falls upon 
the toes, draws himself upright, and resumes the natural position. 



4th Exercise. Jumping forward and downward. {Fig. 45, PL III.) 

The pupil, standing on a wall, table, or some other object, the In- 
structor commands — Attention. 

1. Jumping forward and downward. 2. One — two — three. 

On these several commands the pupil executes what was explained 
in jumping forward, taking care always to extend the arms forward 
on commencing to jump, and to keep them above the head in 
descending. 

5th Exercise. Jumping forward and upward. {Fig. 46, PL II.) 

The Instructor places the pupil at some distance from the object, and 
commands — Attention. 

1. Jump forward and upward. 2. One — two— three. 

This jump is executed as were the jumps upward, with this differ- 
ence, that the arms should be extended forward and upward, mea- 
suring the force of the movement, according to the elevation to be 
attained. 



6th Exercise. Jumping upward and downward. {Fig. 47, PL II.) 

The Instructor places the pupil near the object, and commands — 
Attention. 

1. Jumping upward and downward. 2. One — two — three. 

On these several commands, the pupil executes what was explained 
for jumping upward ; but, instead of stopping on the object, he passes 
it, and, in descending, observes the rules for jumping downward. 



GYMNASTICS. 



13 



7th Exercise. Jumping upward, forward, and downward. (Fig. 
48, PL III.) 

The obstacles can be arranged in such a manner as to execute all 
these movements at once. 

The Instructor commands — Attention. 

1. Jump upward, forward, and downward. 2. One — two — three. 

This jump is executed, as explained in the jump forward and up- 
ward, but instead of stopping on the object, the pupil takes start 
enough to pass it, and executes what was explained in jumping forward 
and downward. 

It is not necessary that the ground beyond the obstacle be level with 
the point of departure. 



ART. II.— Jumping sideways. (Fig. 49, a-6, PL III.) 
1st Exercise. The Instructor commands — Attention. 

1. Jump sideways to the right. 2. One — two — three. 

At the first command, the pupil puts his feet together. 

At the command one, he bends his knees a little, extending the 
arms to the left, (a,) and takes his former posture, the arms hanging 
naturally. 

At the command two, he repeats the same movements. 

At the command three, he recommences the same movements, 
with more energy, bends slightly the inferior limbs, j umps to the right 
as far as he can, and throwing quickly the arms in the same direction, 
falls upon the toes, (b,) and resumes his former posture. 

Jumping to the left, is executed in the same manner. 

2nd Exercise. Jumping downward to the right or to the left. 

This j ump is the same as the preceding, but executed from an ele- 
vated position ; the pupil throws the arms to the right, when he begins 
his jump, and upward when he ends it. 



ART. III. — Jumping backward. 

1st Exercise. The Instructor commands — Attention. (Fig. 50, 
a-b, PL III.) 

1. Jump backward. 2. One — two — three. 

At the first command, the pupil puts his feet together. 

At the command one, he bends his knees, throws his arms for- 
ward, (a,) and stands at ease, his arms falling naturally. 

At the command two, he repeats the same. 

At the command three, he bends his knees again, carries his arms 
forward, then extends his legs, and throws his arms back by quick and 
simultaneous movements, and jumps backward, (b.) 

2nd Exercise. Jumping downward and backward. 

The pupil is placed upon a wall, table, or some other object. 

This jump is executed like the preceding, with this difference, that 
the pupil gives only a little impulse backward, and raises his arms in 
descending. 

3rd Exercise. Jumping backward and downward. 

This jump is executed like the preceding, but taking more start, so 
as to jump as far as possible. 
3 



4th Exercise. Jump down backward, by resting the hands on the 
object jumped from. (Fig. 51, PL III.) 

The pupil standing upon a wall, platform, or some other object. 

The Instructor commands — Attention. 

1. Jump backward, by taking hold with the hands. 2. One — two- 
three. 

At the first command, the pupil looks at the place upon which he 
will fall, joins his feet, puts his heels beyond the edge of what he stands 
upon, the knees a little bent, the body forward ; puts his hands outside 
the feet, and grasps the edge of the table or wall, the fingers above and 
the thumbs below. 

At the command one, he raises his body a little, without lifting his 
hands, and supports the weight upon his toes. 

At the command two, he recommences the same movement. 

At the command three, he repeats again the two movements ; then 
throws the legs back, stretching them out as well as the body ; lets go 
the hands, falls on the ground, with the upper part of the body bent 
forward, and the hands above the head. 

This jump is executed also to some distance, backward and downward, 
by throwing the feet and body backward almost horizontally. 



CHAPTER II. 



Jumping, by starting from a Distance. 

Q?l. III., Fig. 52.) 

The Instructor numbers his pupils, who are placed at a distance 
of twelve or fifteen steps from the object. 

After the notice of the Instructor, the pupils start quickly, increasing 
the rapidity of their movement as they proceed. On arriving at the 
point, they press the ground with the foot, which is in advance, give a 
strong extension to it, throw themselves as far as possible, the body 
and legs bent, the hands closed, the arms extended parallelly, on a 
line with their shoulders; fall to the ground upon the toes; and re- 
main in a bent position, the arms extended, the head straight. 

2nd Exercise. Jumping forward and downward. 

3rd Exercise. Jumping forward and upward. 

4th Exercise. Jumping forward, upward, and downward. 

These different jumps, by starting from a distance, are executed in 
the same manner as the preceding jumps, observing always the rules 
for the arms indicated in the jumps with joined legs. 

In the jumps upward, the higher the object is, the greater must be 
the distance of the starting-place. 

Each pupil, after the exercise, returns to his place in front of the ob- 
ject, and waits for his turn, if he is to jump again. 

To complete these exercises, the Instructor may dispose a piece of 
ground properly, for the application of all the rules, and place on it 
benches, tables, stones, hurdles, &c. 

As a general principle, the pupils will observe, as they jump from 
any object not much elevated, to help themselves by placing their 
bands on the objects near to them, to diminish the shock. 



14 



INSTRUCTIONS IN 



CHAPTER III. 

The unforeseen circumstances under which a leap is sometimes ne- 
cessary, require quick decision ; therefore, the pupils should know the 
following rules, to apply them spontaneously on such occasions: — 

1. To estimate rapidly, at a glance, the object, and also the ground before 
and behind. 

Examine the ground inside, to make sure of the starting-point; upon 
smooth ground the foot may slip, and soft ground is not a solid hold. 

By inspection outside, we choose our falling place, and we foresee the 
difficulties which we may encounter. 

A difference in level between the starting and falling points, modifies 
sensibly the distance of the leap. 

2. The respiration must be suspended during the leap, and the air with 
which the chest is filled, at commencing, ought to be expired when we fall 
on the ground. 

3. In forward and downward leaps, throw the closed hands suddenly 
in the direction which the body is to take, in order to increase the impulse 
given by the legs. 

To render the utility of this rule more apparent, the pupils are 
sometimes exercised in leaping, holding in each hand a shell of three 
pounds, or a bullet of four. With this auxiliary the extent of the leap 
forward will be considerably increased. 

4. In leaps downward, raise the arms vertically when the body descends, 
to preserve the balance, and bend without losing it. 

5. In jumps forward, incline the body forward, that the legs may 
act obliquely ; their impulse will be more efficient. 

The rule, to precipitate the last movements in running before leap- 
ing, has for its principal advantage, to incline the body as much as 
possible. 

6. Fall upon the toes, the legs joined, bending all the articulations 
of the body from head to foot, that the shock may not be transmitted 
to the head, until it is lessened by numerous divisions. The articula- 
tions of the legs concur powerfully to that result : and it would be dan- 
gerous to prevent their effect by falling upon the soles, still more so 
upon the heels. 

7. Prevent the sudden bending of the body ; give to all its articulations 
a general, supple motion, restoring each to a state of rest, in such a 
manner as to form a slight rebound. 

8. Arriving on the ground, abstain from making useless efforts to keep 
a straight and stiff position, which will prevent steadiness. 



CHAPTER IV. 
Leaping with Poles. 

(Mach., PI. I., No. 10.) 

The pupils are exercised successively with poles of different lengths, 
commencing with the shortest. The pupil, standing, puts the thick 



end of the pole to the toe of the right foot, and keeps it vertically, the 
right hand placed on a line with the eyes. 

In marching, the pole is carried in the right hand, the thick end 
forward, and raised about four inches from the ground, the pole resting 
on the shoulder, the thin end inclined a little to the left. 

To lay down the pole, the pupil puts forward the left foot and bends 
the knee with the left hand upon it. 

PREPARATORY EXERCISES. 

The exercises of this chapter are executed without command, and 
individually. The pupils are placed throe steps from each other. 

The Instructor commands — Attention. 

1. Leaping with a pole. 2. Ready. 

At the second command, the pupil holds the pole above the head, and 
slipping his right hand, the thumb upward, he seizes the pole with the 
left hand, about three feet from the right, the thumb downward, the 
nails outward, opens his legs, and carries the thick end of the pole 
about three feet forward: 

After seizing the pole in the manner indicated, the pupil runs three 
or four steps forward, puts the thick end of the pole straight before him, 
takes a spring from the left foot, raises his body, supported on the 
hands, which must not slip, throws the legs to the right, goes over a 
certain space in an almost horizontal direction, turning to the right, 
facing to the left, and descends, bent; raises the lower end of the pole 
and stands up, takes the first position and recommences the exercise 
until the Instructor stops him. 

This exercise is also executed by turning to the left; in that case the 
hands change their position. 

When the length of the pole permits, (three or four yards,) this 
exercise can be executed in the following manner : The pupil places 
the pole in a horizontal position, the hands on a line with the elbows, 
which are separated about three feet from each other, the nails out- 
ward, and the extremities of the pole at the same distance from the 
hands. 

On a signal given by the Instructor, the pupil takes his spring on the 
left foot, according to the rules explained above, takes a new start on 
the right foot, throwing the body to the left, the right hand placed 
below, and continues in this manner without interruption until the 
Instructor stops him. 

These exercises must be repeated until the pupils follow the rules 
correctly. 

1st Exercise. To leap forward. (Fig. 53, PL III.) 

The pupil seizes the pole more or less high, according to the width 
of the obstacle which he has to surmount. 

In leaping, he conforms to the rules given in the preparatory exer- 
cises, with the difference that he takes a bolder start, succeeded by a 
quicker and longer run. 

In leaping over a ditch, the pupil places the lower end of the pole 
more or less far in the ditch, according to its width and depth, or the 
length of the pole. 

2nd Exercise. Leaping upward and forward. (Fig. 54, PL III.') 

The rules for leaping upward are the same as for leaping forward, 
with this difference, that the impulse given to the legs and arms is 
proportionate to the height of the obstacle. The pupil leaps over the 
obstacle, and bends in descending. 

If the obstacle to leap over be elevated about five feet, the pupil will 
observe the following rule : Place the thick end of the pole at eighteen 



GYMNASTICS 



15 



inches from the object ; this distance is increased according to the 
height of the object. 

The Instructor first causes the pupils to leap over obstacles of about 
three feet, then he gradually increases the height. 

The pole must remain in the hands as long as the object is not very 
elevated, say six feet; but above that height, observe as a rule, to let 
go the pole before touching the ground. 

3rd Exercise. Leaping forward, upward, and downward. 
This leap is executed by the rules for leaping upward. 

4th Exercise. Leaping forward downward, from an elevated 
position. {Fig. 55, PL III.) 

The pupil is placed upon a wall, platform, jumping-table, or some 
other object. 

The pupil fixes the lower end of the pole more or less in advance of 
him, according to the space which he intends to pass ; seizes the pole 
with both hands as high as he can reach, balances his body twice or 
thrice forward and backward, leaning upon the pole without moving 
the feet, throws himself forward with the last movement, giving a 
strong impulse to the pole, revolves on the inferior end of it, and 
describes part of a circle, preserving the support of his hands, throws 
his feet forward, and descends to the ground as far as possible with the 
legs drawn upward. The body passes to the right or the left of the 
pole. 

This exercise is executed also with two poles. The pupil holding a 
pole in each hand ; the poles are fixed parallelly, at the distance of about 
two feet. This exercise is only practised from a position not very ele- 
vated. 



CHAPTER V. 
Exercises by Suspension. 

(Macli., PI. III., No. 29.) 



The' pupil is placed upon the bench, and ready to seize the bar near 
the supports. 

1st Exercise. Suspension with both hands, or one hand. {Fig. 
56, PL III.) 

The Instructor commands — Attention. 

1. Suspension on the bars with both hands. 2. One — two — three 
— down. 

At the command one, the pupil raises the arms parallelly, opens the 
hands, the fingers stretched, the palms outward and near the bar. 

At the command two, he seizes the bar with the hands, the thumbs 
under, the fingers joined above, and brings one foot forward. 

Here I must give to the pupils this general warning : In many gym- 
nastic establishments this rule of seizing the bars is totally neglected, 
and in some instances I have seen the sad results of allowing the pupils 
to practise gymnastics at random. I therefore warn the pupils, under any 
circumstances, not to neglect the rule of seizing the bar as described 
above, and illustrated in the plate. In any other position the hand may 
easily slip ; in that case, he will undoubtedly strike the bar with his 
chest, or, what is worse, with his face. The thumb, being a powerful 
member of our body, must be applied according to its strength ; but as 



many of the pupils take hold with the fingers only, the thumbs being 
over the bar, instead of under it, they of course lose the aid of this very 
powerful auxiliary; besides which, by grasping the bar with the fingers 
and thumb, it is securely encircled, and the hand does not risk slip- 
ping, when a little damp with sweat. 

At the command three, the pupil leaves the bench without a jerk 
or swinging the body, the legs falling naturally, («.) 

At the command down, he quits the bar, falls on the toes, the knees 
drawn up, and takes the first position. This command will be always 
employed by the Instructor if he wishes to stop the exercises of this 
chapter. 

When the pupil is familiar with this exercise, the Instructor sup- 
presses the command down ; the pupil remains suspended as long as he 
can, from three to five minutes at least. 

After this exercise, the Instructor passes to the following, which are 
merely varieties of suspension. 

1st. Suspension by the right or left hand. {Fig. 50, b, PL III.) 

This attitude consists in supporting the body with one hand, the 
other hanging naturally. 

2nd. Suspension by both hands, one turned in, the other out. 
The pupil, in this case, places his hands one in, the other out, without 
turning the body. 

3rd. Suspension with crossed arms. 

The pupil seizes the bar with both hands, crossing his arms, and 
tries to keep himself facing the Instructor, without turning the body. 

4th. Suspension with both hands, the arms stretched out as 
much as possible. 

The pupil seizes the bar, the arms stretched out as much as possible. 
In this exercise only, it is allowed to put the thumbs over the bar. 

These various exercises are executed also with the palms turned 
toward the body. 

All these attitudes are taken at the word ready, of the Instructor. 

2nd Exercise. To raise the head above the bar. {Fig. 57, PL III.) 

The pupils being suspended by both hands, the Instructor commands 
— Attention. 

1. Raise the head above the bar. 2. One— two— 3. Stop. 

At the command one, the pupil makes an effort with the wrists, raises 
his body until the chin passes the bar, the legs hanging naturally. 

At the command two, he takes the first position, and thus continuing 
alternately, until the command stop. 

This exercise is executed also with the hands turned toward the 
body. 

3rd Exercise. Suspension by the bend of the arms. {Fig. 58, 
PL III.) 

The pupil being suspended by the hands, the Instructor commands— 
Attention. 

1. Suspension by the bend of the arms. 2. Ready. 

At the command ready, the pupil raises the body by an effort of the 
wrists, and puts the fore-arms on the bar, the bend of the arms support- 
ing the weight of the body. 

This is also executed with one arm. 

4th Exercise. Suspension by the feet and hands. {F>g. 59, PL III.) 
This and the following exercises are to be executed one at a time. 



16 



INSTRUCTIONS IN 



The Instructor commands — Attention. 

1. Suspension by the feet and hands. 2. Ready — 3. Down. 

At the first command, the pupil turns to the right or left. 

At the second command, he seizes the bar with both hands, and by 
an effort of the wrists raises the body, throws the legs on the bar, hooks 
on it witih' the heels, and remains in that position. 

At the command down, he detaches the feet, stretches himself slowly, 
and descends with the knees drawn up, if the bar is very elevated. 

On the isolated bars, drawing up of the knees is not necessary. 

5th Exercise. Suspension by the bend or the arms and legs, 
{Fig. 60, o-6, PL III.) 

The Instructor commands' — Attention. 

1. Suspension by the bend of the right, arm and left leg. 2. 
Ready. 

At the first command, he turns himself to the right or to the left. 

At the second, he seizes the bar with both hands, raises the body by 
an effort of the wrists, throws the leg towards the bar, hooks with the 
left foot and right arm, {a,) and lets the left arm and right leg hang 
naturally. 

This exercise is executed also by suspension, or by the bend of the 
left arm and of the right leg. It can also be executed by suspension by 
the bends of both limbs of each side alternately, (6.) 



ART. II. — Different manners of taking rest upon the bars. 

The exercises of this article are executed individually. 

1st Exercise. Sitting astride the bar. {Fig. 62, a.-b., PL IV.) 

1st Time — four movements. 

1st Movement. Seize the bar with both hands near to each other, 
and remain suspended, turned to the left. 

2nd Movement. Raise the body by an effort of the wrists, throw the 
legs forward, hook with the left knee, the right hanging naturally. 

3rd Movement. Put the right arm flat on the bar, then the left ; the 
left elbow and the left knee close together, the head raised above 
the bar, (a.) 

4th Movement. Give to the right leg a pendulum motion forward 
and backward ; repeat this three times, increasing the motion each 
time, the body following the motion of the legs : with the third swing 
make effort with the arms, incline the head forward, redress the body 
to a nearly vertical position, the arms stretched out; rest on the 
bar turned to the right, (6,) the left thigh supporting the weight of 
the body on the bar. When this is done, descend, observing the rule 
for the leap downward. This is the general rule for all the exercises 
of this article. 

Sitting on one leg is also executed in the following manner : 

1st and 2nd movements, as in the preceding exercise. 

3rd Movement. Place the right arm on the bar, and bring the left 
knee close to the body, let go the bar with the left hand, and seize it 
again close to the left knee on the other side of it. 

2nd Exercise. To turn on the bar, and maintain the equili- 
brium on the stomach. {Fig. 61, PL III.) 

1st Time — three movements. 

1st Movement. Hang on the bar, face forward, the arms parallel to 
each other, the legs joined, as explained in Chap. V., Ex. I. 

2nd Movement. Shorten the arms, to raise the head above the bar, 
throw the head back, giving, at the same time, a quick effort forward, 



the legs describing a part of a circle, the body always touching the bar 
until the stomach can rest upon it. 

3rd Movement. Stretch out the body by straightening the arms, and 
keeping the equilibrium on the wrists, the body touching the bar in 
an almost vertical position. 

This exercise is also executed by seizing the bar with the hands 
turned toward the body, (this is the easiest method,) but should only 
be practised on spars, or bars of large dimensions. 

Descend by throwing the body over forward. 

Seize the bar, the palms forward, the fingers above the bar, and the 
thumbs under it ; bend the arms a little, rest your stomach against the 
bar, throw yourself over forward, head first, the arms stiff, the legs 
bent; finish by revolving slowly round the bar. stretch out the arms 
and legs, take the position of the first movement, and descend. 

The strongest pupils can revolve twice or thrice without stopping. 

3rd Exercise. To get on the bar by an effort of the arms. 
{Fig. 63, PL IV.) 

1st Time — three movements. 

1st Movement. Hang on the bar with both hands, face forward. 

2nd Movement. Make an effort with the wrists to raise the body, and 
place the right fore-arm on the bar, the elbow a little back, the hand 
opposite the middle of the body ; then place the left fore-arm in the 
same manner. 

3rd Movement. Lean the head forward, raise the body by an effort 
of the fore-arms, and at the same time bend both legs to help the move- 
ment, stretch out the arm, preserve the equilibrium, the stomach 
touching the bar. 

When the pupil is well exercised, these movements succeed each 
other rapidly ; to this effect he places both fore-arms simultaneously 
on the bar, and executes the third movement, without stopping at the 
second. 

4th Exercise. To get on the bar by an effort or the wrists. 
{Fig. 64, PL IV. ) 

1st Time — four movements. 

1st Movement. Is like the first movement in the preceding exercise. 

2nd Movement. Make an effort to raise the body by. the wrists, put 
the right fore-arm vertically upon the bar, without taking hold of it, 
the elbow raised. 

In the beginning the Instructor can help the pupil by supporting 
him a little by the belt. 

3rd Movement. Raise in the same manner the left fore-arm, at the 
same time bearing the whole weight of the body on the right fore-arm. 

4th Movement. Continue to raise the body on both arms, and gain 
a vertical position, the equilibrium being on the wrists. 

When the pupils do these exercises with facility, they are taught to 
execute the last three movements in quick succession. In that ease, they 
place both wrists on the bar simultaneously, making a vigorous effort, 
raise the body in the position, as explained in the fourth movement. 



ART. III. — Suspension exercises, with the movements to the 

RIGHT AND LEFT, FORWARD OR BACKWARD. 

1st Exercise. The pupil being in the position of a first Exercise, 
the Instructor commands — Attention. 

1. Lateral progression to the right {or left) . 2. One — two — 3. Stop. 



GYMNASTICS, 



17 



At the command one, the pupil slides the left hand to the right 
hand. 

At the command two, he raises his right hand, and advances it about 
twelve inches to the right, and continues in this way until the com- 
mand stop. 

This exercise is executed with the left hand in the same manner. 

2nd Exercise. Progression to the right or to the left. 

The pupil being in the position of the first Exercise, the Instruc- 
tor commands — Attention. 

1. Progression to the right or left. 2. One — two — 3. Stop. 

At the command one, the pupil faces to the right, letting go the bar 
with the left hand, which he places about six inches beyond the right 
hand. 

At the commund two, he carries the right hand forward to an equal 
distance, and continues in this way until the command stop. 

The movements to the left are executed in the same manner. 

The Instructor accustoms the pupils to move backward. He com- 
mands — Attention — backward march. 

At the command march, the pupil carries the hand which happens to 
be forward, as far as he can beyond the other, changes the other in its 
turn, and continues in this way until the command stop. 

3rd Exercise. Progression by arms-lengths. {Fig. 65, PL IV.) 

To execute this exercise, the pupils are placed at some distance from 
each other, that they may have more liberty in their movements. 

The pupils being suspended, the arms stretched out, the Instructor 
commands — Attention . 

1. Progression by arms-lengths, to the right or left. 2. One — two 
■ — 3. Stop. 

At the command one, the pupil, advancing the right shoulder a little, 
lets go the bar with the right hand, (a,) carries the body to the left, the 
legs joined and straight; the right hand describes a half-circle close to 
the thigh, and lays hold of the bar as far as possible from the left 
hand, (b,) taking care to slide the fingers from below, and not to ad- 
vance the hand, so as to touch the bar with the palm. 

At the command two, the pupil executes the same movements with 
the left hand, and continues in this way, until the command stop. 

The movement by arms-lengths, to the right, is executed in the same 
manner. 

This is the most beneficial exercise on the bars, developing the 
strength and grace of the pupils. 

The young ladies' health and muscular development may be greatly 
benefited, if they practise some gymnastical exercises with their bro- 
thers at home. I intend (at some future time) to write for their use, a 
complete system of physical female education. 



CHAPTER VI. 
Horizontal or Inclined Ropes. 
ART. I. — Progression upon the inclined (or horizontal) rope, 

BY THE AID OF HANDS AND FEET. (Fig. 66, a-b, PL IV.) 

The pupil seizes the rope with both hands, and by an effort of the 
wrists, raises the body, leans the head back, twines the left (or right) 
calf round the rope, (a,) puts the left hand above the right, inclining 



the body to the right ; twines at the same time the left calf over the 
rope, which he lets go with the right leg, puts the right hand above 
the left, inclining the body to the left; twines again the right calf round 
the rope, which he lets go with the left leg, and continues in this 
way. 

The pupil descends upon the same system. 

This exercise is also executed in the following manner : — 

The pupil hooks the heels round the rope, and at the same time 
moves the right arm and right leg, and the left arm and left leg, put- 
ting the heels alternately one above the other, without swinging the 
body, (b.) 

If the rope is horizontal, the pupil moves forward and backward on 
the same system. 

To repose himself, the pupil hangs by one knee and one elbow, and 
maintains himself in that position. 

OBSERVATIONS. 

The Instructor may also order the execution of the two exercises of 
Chapter V., Art. 2, Figs. 61 & 62. 



CHAPTER VII. 



Horizontal Spars. 

(Mach., PI. IV., No. 29.) 

ART. I. — Progression upon a spar. 

The spar is placed, at first, about three feet from the ground, and can 
be raised progressively. 

1st Exercise. To go forward astride. (Fig. 67, PL IV.) 

The pupil places himself astride the spar, puts his hands about six 
inches forward, the thumbs on the top of the spar, the fingers outward, 
raises the body, supporting himself on the hands, the thighs forward 
horizontally, the legs hanging naturally ; goes forward without touch- 
ing the spar with the thighs, and sits down, the thighs touching the 
wrists. 

He continues in this manner. 

This exercise, to be well executed, ought to be accompanied with 
singing. 

2nd Exercise. To go backward astride. (Fig. 68, PL IV.) 

The pupil puts himself astride the spar, the hands near the thighs, 
the thumbs on the spar, the fingers outside ; throws the outstretched legs 
first forward, then backward; and rising on the wrists, throws the body 
back about twelve inches from the hands, which he must immediately 
slide to the thighs. 

He continues in the same manner. 

This exercise, to be well executed, ought to be accompanied with 
singing. 

3rd Exercise. To move sideways, seated. (Fig. 69, PL IV.) 
The pupil being seated on the spar, wishing to move to the left, puts 
his hands near the thighs, the fingers forward; puts the left hand about 
six inehes to the left, raises the body, and approaches it near the left 



18 



INSTRUCTIONS IN 



hand ; places the right hand near the right thigh, and continues in 
this manner. 

To move to the right, he employs the inverse means. 

4th Exercise. To raise upon the hands, and move sideways. 
(Fig. 70, PL IV.) 

The pupil places his hands upon the spar, the fingers forward, raises 
himself upon the wrists, the thighs against the spar, the elbows close 
to the body, the legs hanging naturally, the heels touching. To move 
to the right, he places the right hand about six inches to the right, 
puts the right thigh against the right hand by swinging on the wrists, 
and approaches the left hand. He continues in this manner. 

This exercise is likewise executed to the left. 

5th Exercise. Being astride, to move forward or backward with 

THE HANDS. (Fig. 71, PL IV.) 

The pupil places the hands on the spar, the fingers out, the thumbs 
on the top ; raises the body, the thighs horizontally, advances the right 
hand about three inches, then lets go with the left hand, puts it at the 
same distance, and continues in this way without touching the spar 
with the thighs. 

This exercise backward, is executed on the same system. 

6th Exercise. To walk forward erect. (Fig. 72, PL IV.) 

Before exercising the pupil on the spar, the Instructor makes him 
take the following attitude: — 

The right foot a little before the left, the right heel opposite the 
middle of the left foot, the arms extended on a line with the shoulders, 
the fore-arm bent easily, the elbows a little back, the hands almost 
closed, the wrists lightly rounded in ; the arms in this position are 
ready to be thrown outward, or drawn inward, in order to facilitate the 
preservation of the equilibrium. 

The pupil places himself erect on the spar, in the attitude described 
above ; he advances the right leg without stiffness, the eyes fixed on 
the extremity of the spar. 

The length of the steps is not determined; it is important not to make 
them too long, in order to preserve the equilibrium more easily. 

The Instructor accustoms the pupil to walk slowly at first, and to 
quicken the step progressively. 

This exercise, to be well executed, should be accompanied by sing- 
ing. 

7th Exercise. To walk backward erect. 

The pupil walks backward erect, in the manner explained above, 
by redoubling his precaution. 

8th Exercise. To turn round on the spar. 

The pupil turns slowly, until he makes a full evolution. 

9th Exercise. To walk erect, to stop, descend astride, and rise 
again. {Fig. 73, PL IV.) 

The pupil walks on the spar, in the manner explained above, stops, 
places the foot, which happens to be behind, against the heel of that 
which is before, squats down, places the hands on the spar near the 
feet, the fingers outward, the thumbs holding to the spar; throws the 
weight of the body upon the wrists, leans the head slightly forward, 
slides the legs slowly and simultaneously on each side of the spar, and 
places himself astride. 



To raise himself, the pupil places the hands upon the spar near the 
thighs, balances the legs backward twice, and by the last impulse of 
the legs, combined with an effort of the wrists, puts the feet on the spar 
as near to the hands as possible, and raises himself with precaution. 

10th Exercise. Meeting and crossing of two pupils on the spar. 
(Fig. 74, a-b-c, PL IV.) 

If two pupils, passing astride or erect on the spar, meet, theystop ; 
one of them lies across the spar, the arms forward, the hands tak- 
ing hold of the spar ; the other raises himself, if he be not already 
erect, and passes over the first without touching him, (a.) 

This exercise is executed in another way, if the pupils are erect, and 
if the spar is not elevated more than four feet. 

The pupils put their right feet one against the other, the toes out- 
ward, the left feet remaining behind ; they seize each other lightly on 
the arm and body, to give mutual support, turn on the right feet, the 
left changing their positions ; they separate themselves, and follow 
their first directions, (b-c.) 

11th Exercise. To walk sideways erect. 

The pupil places himself erect and sideways on the spar, the heels 
joined, the toes a little apart, the arm in the position indicated to 
walk forward erect. (Fig. 72.) 

In walking, the pupil puts the right foot to the right, then slides 
the left foot close to the right foot, and continues in this way. 

The same movements are executed in walking to the left. 

12th Exercise. To bend upon the inferior extremities, and walk 
in that position. (Fig. 75, PL IV.) 

The pupil, standing on the spar, bends the thighs, knees, and ancles, 
bears the whole weight of the body upon the right leg ; in rising the 
right heel and the left foot, leave the spar, the left leg falling natu- 
rally; carries the arms and upper part of the body forward, puts the 
left heel on the spar, the leg stretched out ; then the weight of the 
body passes to the left foot, which is put flat. He repeats the same 
movement with the right foot, and continues in this way. 

13th Exercise. To "walk erect, and to simulate a fall. (Fig. 76, 
a-b, PL IV.) 

The pupil walks a few steps, and, simulating a fall, seizes the spar, 
(a,) throws himself under it, by taking hold with the fore-arms, calves 
and heels, (b.) 



ART. II: — Suspension on the spar with the progressive move- 
ment. 

The spar is elevated about six feet from the ground. 

1st Exercise. To move with the aid of hands and feet, being 

SUSPENDED ON THE SPAR. 

The pupil, being suspended on the spar by the hands and feet, as ex- 
plained above, moves forward or backward according to the rules ex- 
plained in the Chapter on Inclined Ropes, with this difference, that ho 
puts the hands flat on the spar. 

2nd Exercise. To hang, face to the spar, and to move sideways. 
The pupil faces the spar, suspends himself by the hands, the fingers 



GYMNASTICS. 



19 



forward, and moves to the right or to the left, in the manner ex- 
plained in the Article on Suspension Bars. 
This exercise is executed also by jerks. 

3rd Exercise. To hang on the spar by seizing it with one hand 

ON EACHJ3IDE, AND TO MOVE FORWARD OR BACKWARD. 

The pupil seizes the spar on each side, and moves forward or back- 
ward by placing the hands one before the other, as directed in the ex- 
ercises on the Bar of Suspension. 

This exercises is executed also by jerks. 



ART. III. — Settling on the spar, etc. 

These exercises are classified as the most important. The scaling 
will be incomplete, and without useful result, if it be not terminated 
by a settling. 

The spar is raised about six feet from the ground. The Instructor 
causes the following exercises to be executed on the spar, which are 
already described in the Chapter on the Bars of Suspension. 

1st. Settling by the fore-arms. 

2nd. Settling by swinging over. 

This exercise cannot be executed otherwise, than by passing the 
hand under the spar, and grasping it. (Fig. 77, PL IV.) 

3rd. Settling upon the leg. 



ART. IV. — To descend from the spatr. 

The spar is more or less lowered, according to the indication of the 
Instructor. 

1st Exercise. Being astride, to pass the right foot over the 
spar, and drop down. (Fig. 78, PI. IV.~) 

The pupil being astride, and commanded to descend to the left, 
places the hands on the spar, the fingers to the right, the little finger of 
the right hand touches the right thigh, the hands separated about four 
inches, raises the body, passes the right leg over the spar, the calf 
stretched out ; turns to the right, brings the right foot to the left, and 
descends to the ground, holding on by the hands. 

The descent to the right is executed by the inverse means. 

If, in descending, the pupil would throw himself backward, he rests 
the stomach against the spar, puts his hands on it, the fingers forward, 
joins the feet, swings twice forward and backward, repeats the same 
movements with more energy, throws the lower limbs back, pushing 
the body strongly with the hands, and drops down according to the 
rules given above. 

2nd Exercise. To jump forward or backward when erect on 
the spar. 

The pupil conforms himself to the rules explained in the chapter on 
jumping 

3rd Exercise. Being seated, to jump forward. 

The pupil being seated on a spar, puts his hands on it, the fingers 
forward, and by an impulse of the arms and legs, throws himself for- 
ward, according to the rules given above. 

4th Exercise. To drop down when suspended on the spar by 
the hands and feet. 



When the pupil is hooked on the spar, by hands and feet, he lets 
go slowly with the legs, joins the feet, and drops to the ground, observ- 
ing the rules for jumping downward. 



CHAPTER VIII. 



In the gymnasium, where the inclined spars can be fixed separately 
the inclination of the spar can be raised progressively, until the height 
is equal to half the base. For the small pupils, almost the same effect 
can be obtained on parallel spars. Let the thick end of the spar rest 
on the lowest hole, end the thin end on the highest; this being 
arranged, execute the following exercises : 

1st. To move forward and backward, to ascend and descend when 
astride. 

2nd. To move forward and backivard, to ascend and descend when 
standing. 

3rd. To move sideways, to ascend and descend vAen seated. 

The pupils incline the upper part of "the body toward the top of the 
spar, when they ascend or descend. 

OBSERVATIONS. 

The pupils, in walking with some burden, ought to dispose of it in 
such a manner as always to have one hand free. 

If many pupils traverse the spar at once, they must be separated 
three feet from each other, and walk with redoubled precaution. 

Gradually the centre support can be dispensed with, and the Instruc- 
tor will accustom the pupils to practise walking on vibrating spars. 



CHAPTER IX. 
Oscillating Spars. 

The exercises of this chapter are always exec uted individually. 

The spar is about three feet from the ground. 

The pupil places himself erect on the spar, and walks on it, according 
to the rules given. The Instructor then gives the spar an oscillating 
movement in length. The pupil must seize the moment when the 
spar comes back, and then walk forward with precipitated steps ; he 
stops and maintains his equilibrium during the time that the spar goes 
away. 

The pupil may pass also astride ; in that case the Instructor gives to 
the spar the various movements of oscillation. 

If the pupil loses his equilibrium, he turns under the spar, hooks 
with the feet, and moves forward and backward, according to the rules 
given. 



CHAPTER X. 
Walking upon Stones or Posts. 

(Mach., PI. III., No. 28.) 

ART. I. — Walking upon stones. 

To walk from one stone to another without touching the ground, 
and to put only one foot on each, the pupil applies the fore part of his 
feet upon that part of the stone which is the most convenient. 



20 



INSTRUCTIONS IN 



ART. II. — Walking upon posts. 

In walking upon posts, the pupil takes the position described in 
walking on the spar. 

1st Exercise. To walk upon posts of equal height and thickness, 

AND EQUALLY DISTANT FROM EACH OTHER. 

The pupil passes from one post to another, by placing the foot on 
the top of it. 

2nd Exercise. To walk upon posts of equal height, but at un- 
equal DISTANCES. 

The pupil casts a glance on each post, successively, and regulates the 
impulse to be given to the body by the distances. 

3rd Exsrcise. To walk upon posts of unequal height and thick- 
ness, STANDING IN ZIGZAG. 

The pupil turns upon the right foot, to place the left upon the post to 
the right; turns upon the left foot, to place the right foot on the post 
to the left, and so on. 

4th Exercise. Meeting of two pupils on posts. (Fig. 79, PI. IV.) 

When two pupils meet each other, they put the right feet upon the 
same post, the inside of the feet touching each other, the left feet 
behind ; the pupils seize each other by the arms and body for mutual 
support, turn on the right feet, the left feet change posts. The pupils 
then separate, and each takes his first direction. 

This exercise can be executed by revolving on the left feet in the 
inverse sense. 

The Instructor recommends to the pupil, in case of losing his equili- 
brium, not to fall between the posts if he can avoid it. 



CHAPTER XI. 



Stilts. 

(Mach., PI. I., No. 11 ; Fig. 80, PI. IV.) 

The pupil seizes the stilts., one in each hand, passes them under the 
arm-pits, the lower end directed forward, the supports turned in, runs 
three or four steps, fixes the lower ends on the ground, throws himself 
to raise the body, puts the stilts upright, by placing the feet on the 
supporters, slides his hands to a level with the haunches, walks 
straight forward, by bending the hips and knees, the arms follow the 
movement, and he holds the supports well up to the feet. 

The pupil walks backward in the same manner. 

If it be necessary, the pupil can establish himself upon the stilts by 
the aid of a bench, table, or some other object. 



CHAPTER XII. 
Scaling of the Portico a?id its Rigging. 

ART. I.— Wooden ladders. (Much., PL II,, No. 17.) 

The Instructor, before admitting the pupils to this exercise, first has 
the sand raked round the ladders, and convinces himself that they are 
safely fixed at both ends. The exercises on the ladders should be com- 
menced on those of which the steps are the nearest to each other. 



The base of the inclination will be equal to at least one-fourth of the 
height, and at most, one-third ; with a larger base the oscillation will 
be dangerous; with a smaller than one-fourth, the ladder may fall. 

The exercises upon the ladder are executed without command. 

different manners of climbing. 

1st Exercise. To climb with the feet and hands, the face to- 
wards the ladder. (Fig. 81, a, PL V.) 

The pupil faces the ladder, seizes the step on the level of his shoul- 
ders puts, at the same time, his right foot on the first step, the knee 
outward, raises the left hand, carries the whole weight of the body on 
the sole of the right foot, raises the right hand and the left foot to 
place them a step higher, the weight of the body resting upon the left 
foot ; and continues in that way. 

This exercise can be executed by two pupils at once, each occupying 
half the ladder, and seizing with one hand the step, and with the other 
the side, the feet on the steps. 

This exercise is also executed by acting with the hands and feet of 
the same side. 

2nd Exercise. To climb the ladder with the hands and feet, 

BY TURNING THE BACK TO THE LADDER. (Fig. 81, 6, PL V.~) 

The pupil turns his back to the ladder, puts his right foot on the 
first step, the weight of the body on the middle of the sole, seizes at 
the same time the side on his right with the right hand, the fingers 
outward, the thumbs inward ; he executes the same movements with 
the left extremities, putting the foot on the second step, and con- 
tinues in that way. 

3rd Exercise. To climb by the aid of the feet only. 

The pupil faces the ladder, and ascends according to the rules given 
in the first exercise, with this difference only, that he keep his hands 
near the sides, in order to take hold of them if he loses the equili- 
brium. 

4th Exercise. To climb by the sides with his hands only. (Fig. 
82, PL V.) 

The pupil faces the ladder, spreads his legs, seizes the sides with the 
hands, and raises the body by a combined effort of the muscles, climbing 
in this way, if possible, to the top of the ladder, keeping the legs outside. 

different manners of descending. 

1st Exercise. To descend by the aid of the hands and feet, 
facing the ladder. 

To descend, the pupil moves alternately the right or left extre- 
mities, in the manner indicated in the first exercise. 

This exercise is executed also by two pupils at once, according to 
the rules given for climbing 

2nd Exercise. To descend by the aid of the feet and hands, 

THE BACK TURNED TO THE LADDER. 

The rules for climbing are given in the second exercise. 

3rd Exercise. To descend by slipping on the sides. (Fig. 83, 
PL V.) 

The pupil grasps the sides of the ladder firmly on a line with the 
shoulders, the fore-arms close on the sides ; stretches out his legs, and 
applies them also to the sides ; raises the body a little, so as not to 



GYMNASTICS, 



21 



touch the rounds, and glides gently to the ground ; where he arrives, 
bending forward. 

This exercise maybe as well executed by stretching the legs beyond 
the sides of the ladder. 



ART. II. — To CLIMB AND DESCEND ON THE BACK OF THE LADDER. 
DIFFERENT WAYS OF CLIMBING. 

1st Exercise. To climb by the aid of the feet and hands. 
{Fig. 84, PL V.) 

The pupil, standing behind the ladder, and faeing it, seizes the 
highest round he can reach, the thumb under it, places one of his feet 
on the first round, and, by acting simultaneously with the right and 
left extremities, climbs to the top. 

He may ascend also by moving at the same time the right arm and 
left foot, or the left arm and right foot. 

This exercise is also executed by seizing the sides with the hands. 

2nd Exercise. Climbing on the rounds, by placing one hand 
after another on the same round. 

This and the following exercises are executed with the hands only. 

The pupil faces the back of the ladder, seizes the highest round he 
can reach, the thumbs under it, makes an effort of the wrists, to raise 
the body as high as he can, puts the right hand on the next round 
above, the left arm remaining, the elbow close to the body ; then he 
seizes with the left hand the round already occupied with the right 
hand, and continues to climb in this way from one round to another, 
keeping the body straight, the feet close, and the toes pointing to the 
ground. 

I have observed that many pupils kick with their feet when climbing 
the ladder, a very unnecessary and most fatiguing practice. The In- 
structor will always check the pupils who use that way of climbing, 
and the pupils themselves will abstain from a habit which is only a 
hindrance to graceful action. 

3rd Exercise. To climb the ladder by putting the hands, 

ONE AFTER ANOTHER, ON DIFFERENT ROUNDS. 

This exercise is executed as the preceding, with this difference, that 
the pupil puts his hands one after another upon different rounds. 

When the pupils are well exercised, they pass over one round at each 
movement. 

The same exercise, but much more difficult, is, to climb the ladder, 
tiie palms of the handsbeing turned toward the body. 

4th Exercise. To climb the ladder by' jerks. 

The pupil, placed behind, and facing the ladder, seizes the highest 
round he can reach, by giving to the body a slight impulse, makes an 
effort with the wrists to raise the body, and by a jerking movement, 
throws himself from the round on which he is suspended to the one 
above. As soon as he has seized it, he draws his arms close to the body, 
and throws himself again a round higher, and continues in this way 
to a given height, by repeating these movements. 

Young pupils must be very cautious in performing this exercise. I 
recommend the Instructor never to allow them to mount more than 
ten rounds. 

No restraint need be laid on those gifted by nature with a strong 
muscular development, and who practice daily. 

3 



The Instructor stays close to the ladder, to be ready to give his 
assistance in case the hand or hands miss the round or side. 

5th Exercise. Climbing by seizing a round with one hand, and 

ONE SIDE WITH THE OTHER. {Fig. 85, PL V.) 

The pupil faces the ladder behind, grasps the side with the right 
hand, and with the left, the round just below; he climbs, by putting 
his right ha nd higher on the side, and seizing the following round with 
the left hand, keeping the body straight and the feet-close together. 

To climb on the left side, the pupil follows the same method. 

6th Exercise. To climb on one side of the ladder. 
The pupil faces the ladder behind, grasps one of the sides with both 
hands, and ascends by carrying one hand above the other. 

7th Exercise. To climb on both sides. (Fig. 86, PL V.) 

The pupil faces the ladder behind, seizes the sides, and by an effort 
of the wrists, slides alternately the hands on the sides, keeping the 
body straight, the legs hanging naturally. 

8th Exercise. To climb on both sides by jerks. 

This exercise is executed as the preceding, with this difference only, 
that with both hands he slides on the sides, then seizes them higher, 
according to the rules given in climbing the rounds by jerks. 

9th Exercise. To climb by jerks, seizing the sides and the 

ROUNDS. 

The pupil, after seizing the rounds, makes an effort with the wrists 
to raise the body as high as he can, lets go the rounds, seizes the sides 
with a jerking movement, bends his arms again, then again seizes the 
rounds, and so on. 

I repeat, that the young pupils should be very cautious in executing 
these nine exercises. It requires time and practice, and then again, 
practice and time. - 

DIFFERENT WAYS OF DESCENDING. 

1st Exercise. To descend by the aid of the feet and hands. 

To descend, the pupil moves simultaneously or alternately the right 
or left; extremities, according to the rules given. {Chap. I., Art. II, 
1st Ex.) 

2nd Exercise. To descend by the rounds, by putting one hand 

AFTER ANOTHER UPON THE SAME ROUND. 

Observe the rules given. {Art. II., 2nd Ex.) 

3rd Exercise. To descend by the rounds, by putting one hand 

AFTER ANOTHER ON THE DIFFERENT ROUNDS. 

Observe the rules given. {Art. II, 3rd Ex.) 

4th Exercise. To descend the rounds by jerks. 
Observe the rules given. {Art. II, 4th Ex.) 

5th Exercise. To descend by grasping a round with ond hand, 

AND THE SIDE WITH THE OTHER. 

Observe the rules given. {Art. II, 5th Ex.) 

6th Exercise. To descend by one side. 
Observe the rules given. {Art. II, 6th Ex.) 



22 



INSTRUCTIONS IN 



7th Exercise. To descend by both sides. 
Observe the rules given. {Art. II, 1th Ex.) 

8th Exercise. To descend by both sides by jerks. 
Observe the rules given. {Art II, 8th Ex.) 

9th Exercise. To descend by jerks, grasping the sides and rounds 

ONE AFTER THE OTHER. 

Observe the rules given. {Art. II., 9th Ex.) 

10th Exercise. To descend by letting himself drop down. 

The pupil suspends himself on a round behind the ladder, the body 
straight, the feet joined, the toes pointing to the ground, lets go the 
round with both hands simultaneously, and drops down, conforming 
himself to the rules of jumping downward. 

This exercise is generally executed from a height of six feet, by 
grown pupils. 



ART. III. — To pass from the front to the back of the ladder, 
and the reverse. {Fig. 87, PL V.) 

The pupil, after ascending the ladder by the front, grasps the right 
side of it with his left hand close above a round, puts his right foot 
outside of the ladder, inclines a little outward, seizes behind, with hia 
right hand, the round above that near which his left hand is placed, 
passes the body behind the ladder, puts his feet upon a round, and, at 
the same time, seizes with the left hand the same round on which his 
right hand is placed. 

To pass from behind, the pupil employs the same means. 



CHAPTER XIII. 



Spoked Poles. 

(Mach., PI. II., No. 16, d.) 

These exercises are executed without command. 

1st Exercise. To climb and to descend the spoked pole, by facing 
it. {Fig. 88, a, Fl. V.) 

The pupil seizes the highest spoke he can reach, puts his foot upon 
the lowest spoke, and climbs from one to another. 
He descends by the same means. 

2nd Exercise. To climb and descend the spoked pole, by turning 
the back to it. {Fig. 88, b, PL V.) 

The pupil turns his back to the pole, seizes the highest spoke he can 
reach, places his foot upon the first, stretches his legs to raise his body, 
lets go with his hands one after the other, to place them on the next 
spoke, and continues in this way. 

To descend, the pupil stretches out his feet naturally, remains sus- 
pended a few seconds by the hands alone, places the feet upon the next 
spoke below, lets go with his hands one after the other, to place them 
on the next spoke, and continues in this way. 



CHAPTER XIV. 
Single and Compound Ropes. 

(Mach., PI. II., No. 16.) 

1st Exercise. To climb and to descend on a rope ladder with 

THE HANDS AND FEET. {Fig. 89, PL V.) 

The pupil seizes the sides of the ladder above his head, puts bis feet 
upon the first round, the knees outside the ladder, the weight of the 
body on the exterior parts of the soles, slides the left hand on the side 
of the ladder, and at the same time places his right foot a round higher, 
makes the same movement with the other extremities, and continues 
alternately in this way, observing to keep the body as close to the lad- 
der as possible, and the head straight. 

He descends by the same means. 

2nd Exercise. To climb and to descend an inclined rope ladder. 

The rope ladder is slightly inclined, well stretched, and fixed by the 
extremities. 

The rules for climbing are as above. 

3rd Exercise. To climb an inclined rope ladder from behind. 
{Fig. 90, PL V.) 

The manner of climbing an inclined rope ladder from behind, varies 
according to its inclination. 

Under 45 degrees, that is if the base is equal to the height, the pupil 
climbs by seizing the steps with his hands, and placing his hands as 
explained in the first exercise ; if the inclination is more than 45 
degrees, the pupil places his feet over the sides, and hooks himself with 
the heels, raises his body by an effort of the wrists, moving alternately 
the opposite extremities : the heels rest upon the sides, and as near as 
possible to the steps. 

He descends by the same means. 

This exercise may also be executed with the hands only, the legs 
hanging naturally. 

4th Exercise. To advance on a rope ladder, stretched horizon- 
tally. {Fig. 91, PL V.) 

The pupil lies fiat on the ladder, seizes the sides as far as he can 
reach, puts the feet on the steps, the toes turned out, makes an effort 
with the wrista to draw his body along, and glides in this way to the 
extremity of the ladder. 

5th Exercise. To go behind the ladder, by hooking with the 

HANDS AND FEET, OR WITH THE HANDS ONLY. {Fig. 92, PL V.) 

The pupil holds on to the ladder, as explained in the third exercise, 
and moves forward and backward, as explained in the same exercise. 

This exercise is also executed with the hands only : in that case the 
feet hang naturally. 



CHAPTER XV. 
Jlmoros's Ladder. 

(Mach., PI. II., No. 16, h.) 



To CLIMB AND TO DESCEND ON AMOROS'S LADDER. {Fig. 93, a-b-C, 
PL V.) 

The pupil seizes the rope as high as possible, raises the body by an 
effort of the wrists, the legs stretched, the heels joined, the toes turned 



GYMNASTICS 



23 



out, (a,) puts the feet simultaneously on each side of the block, 
squeezes the rope with his feet, and lifts up his arms, to climb from 
one block to another. 

He descends by the same system, seizing the rope on a level with 
his shoulders. 

To repose himself, the pupil sits upon a block, and keeps his feet 
tight round the rope, (6.) 

When the rope hangs against a wall, the pupil ascends by acting 
with the right and left extremities alternately, the toes touching the 
wall, the heels resting on a block, (c.) 

This is a quick method of climbing, to a pupil who is well exercised. 

By stretching the rope the exercise becomes easier. 



CHAPTER XVI. 
Knotted Ropes. 

(Maeh.j PI. II., No. 16, k.) 

Climbing and descending a knotted rope. (Fig. 94, PL V.) 

This exercise is executed according to the rules given in the first 
exercise of the preceding chapter. 

It may also be executed with a rope in an inclined position : in that 
case the pupil keeps the body as close to the rope as possible. 



CHAPTER XVII. 
Smooth Ropes. 

(Mach., PI. II., No. 16, //.) 

1st Exercise. To climb a smooth rope with the aid or the hands 

AND FEET, AND TO DESCEND THE SAME. {Fig. 95, a-6, PI. V.~)~ ■ 

The pupil seizes the rope as high as he can reach, raises his body by 
an effort of his wrists, takes the rope between his legs, twists it com- 
pletely round his right leg so as to touch the calf and pass over the 
foot ; keeps the rope in this position by placing his left sole on the 
right instep, (a,) seizes the rope above, hand over hand, stretches the 
legs, raises his body again, at the same time sliding the rope on the 
right instep, presses the rope with the left foot, and continues to mount 
in that way. 

If the rope hangs loose, the following rule ought to be observed, (6,) 

The pupil puts his legs horizontally forward, instead of keeping them 
in a vertical position. The rope adheres better to the leg in a hori- 
zontal position, and enables the pupil to repose himself, and to climb 
higher up. 

In slipping down, the pupil will observe the rules given in the first 
exercise, placing hand under hand, at the same time pressing the rope 
a little with his calf, to regulate the quickness of the movement. 

2nd Exercise. To climb the smooth rope with the uands onlv, and 
slip down it. {Fig- 96, PI. V) 

The pupil seizes the rope as high as possible, makes an effort with 



the wrists, and raises himself by putting hand over hand, and keeping 
the rope between the legs. 

He slips down according to the same rules. 

3rd Exercise. To climb and slip down two ropes with the hands 

only. {Fig. 97, PL V.) 

The pupil seizes the ropes with both hands, and by an effort of the 
wrists raises himself, according to the rules explained above. 
He descends in the same way. 
This exercise is also executed by jerks. 

4th Exercise. To place the rope under the foot or thigh. {Fig. 

98, a-b, PL F.) 

The pupil, being suspended on the rope by both hands, drops the left 
hand and seizes the rope under the left thigh, raises it and brings it to 
the right hand, and then seizes the double of the rope with his left 
hand. He may acquire more stability by seizing the rope with the 
right hand below the left, and then he puts the weight of the body on 
the left thigh and rests himself, (a.) 

This exercise is also executed in the following manner : 

The pupil, instead of putting the rope under the left thigh, raises 
the left leg, puts the rope under the sole of that foot, then raises it 
with the left hand, stretches out the left leg, and finishes the exercise 
as explained above, bearing the whole weight of the body on the left 
foot, the legs straight and the body in a vertical position, (6.) 

The pupil may take this position on the right thigh and foot. 

To maintain himself as long as possible in that position, and to pre- 
serve the use of his hands, the pupil may put the loose end of the rope 
around his body, and fasten it tight. The two ropes may be fastened 
by a knot at their junction. 

I especially recommend to the pupils the exercises in this chapter. 



CHAPTER XVIII. 



Stirrup Ropes, or Bois-Roze's Ladder. 



{Fig. 



To Climb Bois-Roze's ladder, and to descend thf sam*-. 
99, ot-6, PL V.) 

The pupil seizes the rope as high as he can reach puts one foot on 
the- nearest stirrup, raises the body by an effort o-'the wrists, stretches 
the calf, puts the other foot in the atirrur above, grasps the rope 
higher up with both hands, and wntinue* in this way. 

He descends by the same method. 

In an emergency two stirrups *ay be sufficient. I give the follow- 
ing explanation for grown-up young men only. 

One of the stirrups m-at be about three feet long, (a,) and the 
other of four feet foiK inches, (6 ;) they terminate above in an ear, in 
which the rope sty*- (*%■ 99, PZ. V.) 

The pupil seizes with the right hand the rope and the ear of the 
longest stirrup, and puts his right foot in it. 

•\Vith Jiis left hand he seizes the rope and the ear of the shortest 
stirrup, and puts his left foot in it. 

He climbs by slipping the stirrups alternately on the rope. The 
pressure of the hands is sufficient to prevent the stirrups from slipping 
down. 

The pupil descends by the inverse method. 



24 



INSTRUCTIONS IN 



CHAPTER XIX. 
Poles. 

(Mach., PL n., No. 10.) 
1st Exercise. To climb up and descend the pole by the aid of 

THE HANDS AND FEET. {Fig. 100, «, VI. F.) 

The pupil seizes the pole as high as he can, applies the right (or 
left) knee and instep against if, raises the body by an effort of the 
wrists, bends the haunches, squeezes the pole with hisles:. puts his bands 
one above the other, and as high as possible, makes an effort with each 
alternately, and continues in that way. 

To descend from the pole, the pupil presses a little with his feet, to 
prevent too rapid motion, and crosses the hands one on the other. 

If the pole be oscillating, the pupil will be careful to maintain the 
head and body as close as possible to the pole, in order to lessen the 
Effects of the oscillation. 

2nd Exercise. To climb up and descend the pole with the 
hands only. {Fig. 100, b, PI. V.) 

The pupil goes hand over hand by making efforts with the wrists, 
the legs slightly bent, one on each side of the pole. 

He descends according to the same rule. 

He descends also without the aid of the hands, by pressing the pole 
a little with the legs to prevent too rapid motion, keeping the hands 
near the pole that he may seize it in case of need. 

3rd Exercise. To climb by one pole, and descend by another. 

The pupil climbs one of the poles, observing the rules given in the 
first exercise, seizes the other pole with both hands, makes an effort 
with his wrists, detaches his legs from the first pole, and takes the 
same position on the second, according to the rules explained above. 

4th Exercise. To climb and descend on two poles {Fig 101, a, 
PL V.) 

The pupil stands between the two poles, seizes them as high as pos- 
sible, and raises his body by an effort of the wrists, the left hand sus- 
taining th* weight of the body; makes an effort with the right hand, 
raises the left hand, and continues alternately in this way, the legs 
hanging natutally. 

He descend* hy the inverse means. 

5th. Exercise- Ti Climb and descend on two poles by jerks. 
{Fig. 101, 6, PI. F) 

This exercise is executed v^ the preceding, with the difference that 
the pupil lets go the pole with ^ oth ha^ds at once, and quickly raises 
them higher up. 

He descends by the inverse means. 

For the execution of these two exercises, u, i 8 necessary that the poles 
should not be farther from each other than twenty inches for the 
grown pupils. 



CHAPTER XX. 
Inclined Poles. 



The base of the inclination of the poles must be between one and two 
fifths of their length. 



1st Exercise. To climb and descend under the inclined poles. 
{Fig. 102, PL V.) 

This exercise is the same as if the poles were in a vertical position. 

2nd Exercise. To climb and descend above the inclined poles. 
{Fig. 103, PI. V.) 

This exercise is the same as if the poles were in a vertical position, 
only the pupil takes care not to turn under them. 

3rd Exercise. To climb above a pole inclined against a wall. 
{Fig. 104, PI. V.) 

The pupil puts one leg on each side of the pole, which he seizes on a 
line with his head; raises the body by an effort of the wrists, presses 
slightly his toes against the wall, puts the right hand higher up on the 
pole, and the right foot higher up on the wall ; repeats the same move- 
ments with the left hand and foot, and continues in this way, the 
upper part of the body being kept close to the pole. 

OBSERVATIONS. 

It is only by the effort of the arms that the body must be raised ; the 
feet touch the wall only to preserve equilibrium. 

During the movements, the pole ought to be steadied by one or tw 
pupils. 

4th Exercise. To climb under the pole, and to get upon it. 
(Fig. 105, a-b, PL VI.) 

If the pole be at such a distance from the wall that the pupil cannot 
reach the wall with his feet, he climbs as explained in the rule for 
climbing the vertical pole, (a ;) but when his head nearly touches the 
wall he turns; to do that, the pupil detaches his left foot, and puts it 
against the wall, turns his body to the right until he gets astride the 
pole by the help of his hands (b,) puts the right foot against the wall, 
and continues to climb according to the rules given. 

5th Exercise. To climb on two poles. (Fig. 106, PL VI.) 

The pupil faces the wall, places himself between the poles, seizes each 
with one hand, on a line with his head, the hands outward, the fore- 
arms on the poles, puts his bent legs on the poles, the knees out, the 
feet in, the insteps close to the poles. He climbs by an effort of the 
arms alternately. The limbs on the same side move together. 

The pupils with their hands prevent the poles from being too far 
separated by their knees. 

This exercise is also executed by placing the knees inside, and the 
feet outside, the poles. (Fig. 106.) 

The poles are about eighteen inches apart. 



CHAPTER XXI. 
Amoros^s Hooks. 

(Mach., PI. II., No. 21.) 

To climb and descend Amoros's pole. 

If the po\<» is hooked on a portico, the rules for climbing on it are the 
same as for a veitical pole. 

If the pole is too short, the pupil takes a spring, seizes the ring with 
his right hand, and at the same time his right wrist with his left hand, 



GYMNASTICS 



25 



raises his body by an effort of the wrists, seizes quickly the pole with 
his left hand, and continues to place hand over hand. {Fig. 107.) 

When the pupil is at a sufficient height, he continues to climb by the 
aid of his hands and feet, according to the rules given. 

If the pole is hooked against a wall, the pupil conforms himself to the 
rules given in the third exercise, Chap. VIII. {Fig. 108, PL VI.) 

The pupil can settle on the wall, or descend, according to the rules 
given. 

OBSERVATIONS. 

This exercise is one of the most important in gymnastics, and the 
greatest care must be observed in the execution of it. 

The pupil will always observe to let the two hooks bite equally on 
the wall, and not to derange them by jerking movements in climbing. 

If the pupils are not well exercised, the Instructor supports the 
lower end of the pole until all the pupils are settled on the wall. 

If the poles to be practised with are too long, the Instructor lets the 
best pupil go first, at the same time supporting the pole. When the 
pupil is settled on the wall, he seizes the hooks and fixes them as securely 
as possible. The Instructor then permits several pupils to climb at 
once. 

The first climber keeps the hooks steady with one hand, and with the 
other helps those of the pupils who find some difficulty in getting on 
the wall; to that effect he places the palm of his hand on the back of 
their heads, and draws them gently toward him. 

If it be necessary, the Instructor may make use of the lengthening 
pole, or may fasten a rope to the ring. 



CHAPTER XXII. 
Exercises on the Portico. 

(Mach., PI. II., No. 18.) 
ART. I. To ASCEND THE PORTICO, AND TO DESCEND FROM IT. 

After the pupils have learned to climb and descend the ladders, poles, 
ropes, &c, when isolated, they are exercised on the portico. 

The pupils ascend the portico by the aid of the instruments, and 
establish themselves on the beam, either on their fore-arms, astride, or 
erect. 

The pupils are placed in a line about thirty steps from the portico, 
and facing it, and at the distance of three steps from each other. 

The Instructor indicates by their numbers those who ought to climb ; 
each pupil seizes the instrument which is assigned to him, and climbs 
according to the rules laid down. 

There are different means of climbing the portico. 

1st. By wooden ladders. 

2nd. By spoked poles. 

3rd. By rope ladders. 

4th. By fixed poles, oscillating poles, inclined poles, masts, the sup- 
ports of portico, &c. 

5th. By knotted ropes. 

6th. By smooth ropes. 

7th. By Bois-Roze's ladders. 

8th. By Amoros's ladders. 

9th. By trapezium ropes. 

10th. By the ropes with rings, &c. 



ART. II. — To DESCEND BY MEANS OF AN INSTRUMENT. 

The pupil, being astride the beam, puts his feet on one side, slips on 
his stomach, and supporting himself on the fore-arms, suspends him- 
self on the portico, grasps one of the instruments, first with one hand, 
and then with the other, and descends according to the rules given. 



ART. III. — To DESCEND by the cross rope. {Fig. 109, a-b-c-d, 
PL VI.) 

1st Manner. The pupil, being astride the beam, puts his feet on one 
side, suspends himself on the portico, the arms shortened, the legs 
stretched out and joined together, (a,) grasps the rope first with one 
hand and then with the other, (&,) stretches his arms, and drops to the 
ground, (c.) 

A well-exercised pupil can let go the beam with both hands at once, 
and seize the rope dexterously as he descends. 

2nd Manner. The pupil puts himself across the portico, or lies 
down on the platform, seizes with his hands the cross rope, the fingers 
under, the palms forward, bends the upper part of the body, puts his 
legs over, turns over his body, holds all his weight on his wrists, 
stretches his legs slowly, then his arms, lets go the rope, and drops 
down, {d.) 



ART. IV. — Being seated on the beam, to jump down. 

The pupil, being seated on the portico, puts his hands on it, the thumbs 
close to the thighs, and by an impulse of his legs and arms throws him- 
self forward, according to the rules laid down. 



ART. V. — Standing on the portico, and jumping forward. 

The pupil, standing on the portico or platform, jumps down, just clear- 
ing the beam. 

The last two exercises must never be executed from a portico of 
the first class. The pupils of above seventeen years may jump from 
the height of ten to eleven feet. The younger pupils can be exercised 
by jumping from the jumping-table. 



ART. VI. — Scaling the portico with emulation. 

The instruments of the portico are sufficient for the exercise of 
twenty or thirty pupils at once. 

The Instructor divides his squad into two equal sections, assigns to 
each pupil his number and the instrument he is to use, according to his 
strength, and commands — Attention. 

1. Ready for scaling. 2. March. 

At the command march, the pupils run to the portico, seize the in- 
struments assigned to them, climb them with the greatest possible 
celerity, and sit astride the portico. 

The pupils on the platforms can remain standing or seated, the two 
sections facing each other. 

When the Instructor wishes them to deseendfrom the portico, he com- 
mands — Attention. 

1. Ready to descend. 2. One — two — three. 



26 



INSTRUCTIONS IN 



At the first command, each pupil prepares himself to descend accord- 
ing to one of the means explained above. 

At the command three, the pupils descend as rapidly as possible, and 
run to the places which they occupied before the scaling. 



ART. VII. — To move upon the portico. 

The pupils being well exercised on the horizontal spar, and able to 
preserve their equilibrium upon it, the Instructor may try to execute 
the following exercises upon the portico of the second class, (11 feet 

high o 

1st Exercise. To cross the portico forward and backward, 

BEING ASTRIDE. {Fig. Ill, PL VI.) 

2nd Exercise. Being erect, to cross the portico forward and 

BACKWARD, AND TO TURN ROUND IN THAT POSITION. {Fig. 110, PI. VI) 

3rd Exercise. Standing on the portico, to sit astride, and to 
rise again. 

In commencing, the last exercise will be first executed one foot from 
the platform, and facing it; the Instructor ought to be present in order 
to give more confidence to the pupil. The Instructor stands before the 
pupil. 

This exercise is afterwards executed on any part of the portico. 

4th Exercise. Meeting of two pupils on the portico. 

The manner in which the two pupils pass each other en the portico is, 
one of the two lies across the beam, and lets the other pass over him in 
a standing position. 

The Instructor may utilize the cross rope which goes round the 
portico to execute the following exercises. 

1st. Suspension by the hands. 

2nd. Progression when suspended. 

The Instructor, if he thinks proper, can cause some of the instruments 
to be removed during the execution of the last two exercises. 

If the pupil be not sufficiently well exercised to cross the portico, the 
Instructor must follow him closely to rectify his position, and, if neces- 
sary, to help him to establish his equilibrium. 



CHAPTER XXIII. 
Vertical Spars and their Rigging. 

The rigging of the vertical spars is nearly the same as that of the 
portico. The exercises are executed at first individually, and then by 
emulation. 

The following exercises are executed on the spars : 

1st Exercise. To climb by one ladder, and to descend by the 
other. 

The pupil must be very careful in passing from one ladder to the 
other. 

2nd Exercise. To climb and descend by the rope ladder. 

3rd Exercise. To climb and descend by the knotted rope. 



4th Exercise. To climb and descend Amoros's ladder. 
5 th Exercise. To climb and descend Bois-Roze's ladder. 
6th Exercise. To climb and descend the smooth rope. 

7th Exercise. To climb and descend the double hooked pole. 

The instructor utilizes the smooth rope which is in the middle of the 
vertical spars to execute the following exercises. 

8th Exercise. To swing forward by means of the rope. 

The pupil takes the rope, ascends the platform, (or jumping- table,) 
puts himself on the edge of it, throws the end of the rope over his 
shoulders, seizes the rope with both hands as high as he can, the thumbs 
uppermost, (a,) and by an effort of the wrists raises the body, throws him- 
self forward, hangs on the rope with his legs bent, drops the rope when 
the motion resulting from the impulse is nearly finished, and drops to 
the ground, according to the rules given. 

The pupil may swing better by observing the following rules : Throw 
back the upper part of the body when you leave the platform ; throw 
the legs forward, so as to pass between the spars almost in a horizontal 
position, (6,) and throw yourself as far as you can when the motion 
resulting from the impulse is almost finished. 

This exercise is also executed by hanging on the rope by one hand 
only ; in that case the body is gathered up. 

This exercise may also be executed by two pupils at once. 

The least seizes the rope as high as he can reach ; the other, placing 
himself behind the first, grasps the rope still higher. 

At a signal given, they abandon themselves to their proper impulse, 
draw up their legs, and fall to the ground, according to the rules given. 

9th Exercise. To swing forward, and return to the starting 
point. 

The same rules are to be observed as in the preceding exercise, with 
this exception, that the pupil instead of dropping on the ground, turns 
himself over, and returns to the starting point. 

It is important that the pupil should not touch the ground while 
swinging. 

These exercises are executed at first from a small elevation, which is 
augmented gradually. 

The Instructor places other pupils near the masts, to prevent any 
accident. 



CHAPTER XXIV. 



To Climb and Descend the Masts. 
1st Exercise. To climb the mast by clasping it with the arms, 

ONE FOOT IN FRONT, AND THE OTHER BEHIND. {Fig. 112, a-b-C, PL 

VI.) 

The pupil puts his chest against the mast, clasps it with his arms, 
puts his right (or left) knee and instep against the mast, presses the 
left (or right) calf and heel against the opposite side, raises his legs 
by slipping them up the mast, hugs it forcibly with them, raises the 
body up, carries the arms higher, and continues in that way, (a.) 



GYMNASTICS 



27 



To descend, the pupil pinches sufficiently with his legs to prevent a 
too rapid motion, and changes his arms one below the other alter- 
nately. 

2nd Exercise. To climb the mast by clasping it with the arms, 

ONE FOOT ON EACH SIDE. 

The pupil puts his chest against the mast, hugs it forcibly, puts one 
leg on each side of it, the feet pressing closely, raises his arms and body, 
presses his chest against the mast, raises his legs by slipping them up- 
ward, and continues in this way. He descends by preserving the same 
position, (b.) 

When the pupil wishes to repose himself, he holds round the mast by 
putting his fingers between each other, throws the upper part of his 
body back, with his legs crossed, and maintains himself in that po- 
sition, (e.) 



CHAPTER XXV. 



Exercises on the Grooved Boards. 

1st Exercise. To suspend the body by the fingers, holding 
by them in the grooves. {Fig- 113, Pi. VI.') 

The pupil suspends himself by the two first joints of his fingers, on 
the highest groove he can reach, draws up his legs, and remains sus- 
pended as long as possible, (o.) 

2nd Exercise. To climb and descend by putting each hand suc- 
cessively in the same groove. 

The pupil, being suspended on the groove, makes an effort with his 
fingers to raise his body, grasps with his fingers in the groove above, 
(&,) puts the other hand in the same groove, and continues in that 
manner. 

He descends by the same means. 

3rd Exercise. To climb and to descend by putting the hands, 

ONE AFTER THE OTHER, ON DIFFERENT GROOVES. 

This exercise is executed like the preceding, with this difference, that 
the pupil applies the fingers of each hand alternately to a different 
groove. 

4th Exercise. To climb and to descend by jerks. 

This exercise is executed like the second, with this difference, that 
the hands are lifted simultaneously from one groove to another. 
To descend, follow the same rules. 
These exercises are also executed with emulation. 
I especially recommend to the pupils the exercises of this Chapter. 



CHAPTER XXVI. 
Exercises on the Wall. 



1st Exercise. To climb a wall by the aid of a plank. (Fig. 
114, PI. VI.) 
The pupil places himself at a distance of ten or twelve steps from 



the plank, runs impetuously, and climbs as high as he can, in order to 
reach the top of the wall. 

If he cannot reach the top with the first effort, he grasps the plank 
by the edges, and continues to climb up by his hands and feet. 

2nd Exercise. To climb a wall by the aid of ladders, poles, 
ropes, &c. 

The Instructor applies the instruments he wishes to be used, against 
the wall, and commands — Attention. 

1. Ready to scale. 2. March. 

At the command march, the pupils grasp the instruments assigned to 
them, and climb rapidly, according to the rules given. Once on the top 
of the wall, they establish themselves in order. 

The same rules are to be observed in descending. 

SCALING THE WALL WITHOUT INSTRUMENTS. 

1st Exercise. To climb the wall, and to descend by the aid of 

THE FEET AND HANDS. (Fig. 115, PL VI.) 

The wall appropriated to this exercise must have inequalities, either 
hollows or projections, to support the climbers. 

The pupil climbs the wall, or descends from it, by the inequalities 
which he finds in it. 

The Instructor places himself near the wall, to aid the beginners if 
necessary. 

This exercise is also executed by emulation. 

2nd Exercise. Running against a wall, to take a starting 

POINT, AND TO CLIMB ON THE TOP TO DESCEND. (Fig. 116, a-b, PL 
VI.) 

The wall must have a hole about one yard from the ground. At a 
distance of ten or twelve steps, the pupil runs toward the wall, his eyes 
fixed on the starting point, puts one of his feet in it, raises his body 
by a rapid extension of the calf, grasps the edge of the wall, or any 
other point he can hold of, with one hand, (a ;) puts the other hand to 
the same height, and makes an effort with the wrists to raise the body 
and establish himself on the wall. 

At the moment the pupil reaches the wall, he puts the palm of one 
hand against it, to prevent his body being hurt. 

To descend, the pupil puts himself across the wall, on his stomach, 
slips down until his body is fully stretched, and his hands on the edge 
of the wall ; then he puts one hand flat against the wall, (6,) on a line 
with his hips, lets go the edge with the other, throws his body a little 
back, by pushing with the hand applied to the wall, and drops down, 
bending forward. 

3rd Exercise. Disposition of a number of pupils for the attain- 
ment OF AN ELEVATED POINT. 

The pupils are numbered, and the Instructor explains the duty of 
each. 

1st Disposition. (Two pupils.) (Fig. 117, PL VI.) 

The first pupil leans his back against the wall, his legs a little bent, 
his hands forward, and his fingers entwined. 

The second pupil puts one foot on the hands of the first, raises him- 
self, and puts the other foot on the shoulder of the same, his hands flat 
against the wall : he stretches his body, and seizes the edge of the wall 
or any other point he can reach. 

The first pupil helps this movement, by raising his body as much as 
possible. 



28 



INSTRUCTIONS IN GYMNASTICS 



Grown pupils can, in this way, scale a wall of about eleven feet in 
height. 

2ud Disposition. (Seven or nine pupils.) {Fig. 118, PL VI.) 

By this exercise a great height can be reached without any support. 

The nine pupils are numbered from right to left ; the first four form 
a solid square — the first pupil facing the third, and the second facing 
the fourth. 

The first and third pupils take the positions, as explained in wrestling 
with the shoulders, (see Fig. 38, PL II) the second and fourth do the 
same, the arms passing over or under those of the first and third. 



The next four pupils take the same position on the shoulders of 
the first four. 

The ninth pupil reaches the height from the shoulders of the second 
four pupils. 

The bystanders assist these movements. 

These nine pupils must be active, clever, and slender fellows. 
About sixteen feet can be reached in this way. 

The same exercise against a wall with seven pupils only : The fifth 
and sixth pupils take their positions on the shoulders of the first four, 
leaning with one shoulder against the wall; the seventh climbs upon 
them, (a.) 



i 



PART III. 



RUNNING A 



AULTING 



CHAPTER 1. 

ART. I.— Regular running step. {Fig. 119, PL VI.) 

The Instructor commands — Attention. 

1. Squad forward. 2. Regular running step — 3. March. 

At the third command, the squad moves quickly forward, running, 
and preserving the line, each pupil observing the rules given in the 
article on the Gymnastic Chain. 

When running in file, the pupils must always be three feet apart. 

The Instructor, wishing to stop the squad, commands — Squad, Halt. 

At this command, the squad stops, takes the proper distance, and 
dresses. 

The velocity of the running step is two hundred movements in a 
minute ; about three miles in twenty minutes. 

The duration of the run must be increased progressively. 

If not compelled by absolute necessity, the duration of the run should 
not exceed twenty minutes. 

The running step is never used obliquely. 



ART. II. — Running backward. 

The Instructor commands — Attention. 

1. Run backward. 2. Ready — 3. March. 

At the first command, the pupils put the whole weight of the body 
upon the right feet. 

At the command march, they put the left feet quickly back, without 
turning the head; the toes of the left foot about three feet behind those 
of the right : do the same with the right foot, and continue in this way 
for thirty or forty steps only. 

The pupils are brought, by progressive exercises, to lengthen the 
steps to three feet. 



ART. III. — Swift running. 

The Instructor commands — Attention. 

1. Swift Running. 2. Take the position — 3. Ready- — 4. March. 

At the second command, the pupils advance their right feet about 
fifteen inches before the left ; the right knee bent, and the left leg 
stretched out ; lean the upper part of the body forward, put the elbows 
back, the fists on a level with the lower ribs, the nails in, the head 
straight. 

At the command march, they throw themselves quickly forward, 
with the greatest force they can. 

The length of the steps in this run is not determined. 

The Instructor will endeavor to explain that the surest way to run 
quickly, is not to lengthen the steps, but to precipitate them. 
4 



The pupils must not forget, that when running with the greatest pos- 
sible velocity, they ought to spare their strength, so as to be able to 
reach their destination. 

This is the general principle for all the exercises by emulation. 

The pupils are brought progressively forward in this exercise. 



CHAPTER II. 
Vaulting on the Spar. 



The Spar is more or less elevated, according to the Instructor's indi- 
cation. 

1st Exercise. To put himself astride the spar. {Fig. 120, 
PI. VII.) 

The pupil puts his hands on the spar, at a distance of about eighteen 
inches one from the other, the fingers forward ; raises his body, (with a 
jump, if the spar is too high,) holds his weight on his hands, stretches the 
right leg, passes it horizontally over the spar, turns to the left, and sits 
astride it ; the head and body straight, the arms and legs hanging natu- 
rally, the toes slightly bent inward. 

This exercise is also executed by passing the left leg over the spar 
and turning to the right. 

2nd Exercise. To turn round, being astride the spar. 

The pupil first passes the right leg over the spar, as if for descending, 
and then the left leg on the opposite side of the spar. 

This exercise is also executed by first passing the left leg over the 
spar. 

3rd Exercise. Being astride, to jump to the ground. {Fig. 121, 
PL VII.) 

To jump to the right, the pupil places his hands on the spar near 
his thighs, the fingers outward, the thumbs above ; balances his legs 
twice forward and backward, and by the last impulse of the legs, com- 
bined with an effort of the wrists, passes the left leg over the spar, and 
drops down according to the rules given. 

To jump to the left, the same rules are observed. 

4th Exercise. To pass over the spar. {Fig. 122, PL VII.) 
The spar is elevated about three feet, the pupil stands fifteen paces 
off, runs towards it, strikes the ground with his feet, puts his hands on 
the spar, the fingers grasping it on both sides, raises his legs backward, 
at the same time inclining his head, stretches out his arms, gives an im- 
pulse to his body, from right to left, (or from left to right, according 



30 



INSTRUCTIONS IN 



to the position of his hands,) throws himself over the spar, the legs 
joined and stretched out horizontally, and drops down, hending forward. 

If the pupil is well exercised, he can raise his legs higher than his 
head, so that the body may form an angle of fifty degrees with the 
horizontal line. 

If the spar is too high to be vaulted over in the manner explained, 
the following rules must be observed. {Fig. 123, a-b, PL VII.) 

The pupil takes a start as above, puts his hands on the spar, tho 
fingers forward, his arms parallel to each other, (a,) raises his body by 
an effort of the wrists, gives his body a strong impulse to his right, 
(or to the left,) touches the spar with his stomach, grasping it with his 
hands on each side, {b,) and finishes the movement by throwing over 
his legs. 



CHAPTER III. 



Vaulting on the Parallel Bars. 

The exercises on the parallel bars are executed without command, 
and separately. 

ART. I.— Fixed parallel bars. {Mack, PI. III., No. 27.) 

1st Exercise. Suspension by the hands. {Fig. 124, PL VII.) 

The pupil places himself between the bars, seizes each with one hand, 
the palm on the upper part of the bar, the thumbs inside, the fingers 
outside, raises the body by an effort of the wrists, the head straight, the 
legs hanging, the heels joined; he sustains himself in that position as 
long as possible. Puts his feet on the ground, and at the same time 
takes away his hands. 

This exercise can be executed by many pupils at once. 

2nd Exercise. To move forward and backward, by advancing 
the hands alternately. {Fig. 125, PL VII.) 

The pupil suspends himself on one end of the bars, makes the move- 
ment forward by slipping the hands alternately, about five inches at a 
time, and continues in this way to the other extremity : once there, he 
balances his legs forward and backward, counting one; repeats the 
same, counting two ; repeats the same again, and drops to the ground, 
counting three. 

This exercise backward is executed by the same method, and by the 
inverse means. 

3rd Exercise. To move forward or backward by jerks. 

The pupil, being suspended on the bars, slightly bends the arms, and 
by a jerk puts his hands about five inches forward simultaneously, the 
upper part of the body inclined forward. He continues in this way to 
the end of the bars, and drops down in the manner explained in the 
second Exercise. 

The movement backward by jerks is executed in the same manner. 

4th Exercise. To lower and to raise the body by bending and 
extending the arms. {Fig. 126, PL VII.) 

The pupil, being suspended on the bars, lowers his body by bending 
slowly his arms, and at the same time bends his legs also, in order not 
to touch the ground, raises his body again by an effort of his wrists, and 
repeats the same movement several times. 

In the beginning, the pupil bends the arms but very little ; being 
Well exercised) he lowers the body to their utmost extend 



5th Exercise. To swing the legs forward and backward. {Fig. 
127, PL VII.) 

The pupil, being suspended by his arms, swings his legs slowly for- 
ward and backward, and augments progressively the extent of the 
movement, not going much beyond the horizontal line, to prevent turn- 
ing over. 

The best exercised pupils can occasionally try to throw the body over, 
or to remain in a vertical position, the head downward. 

6th Exercise. uspension by the hands and feet. {Fig. 128, PL 
VII.) 

The pupil, being suspended by the hands, throws his legs back, hooka 
them on the bars, streches his body, and lowers it, resting suspended. 
The pupil raises his body, drops his legs, and takes the first position. 
The Instructor may support the weakest pupils by the belt ring. 
This exercise is also executed by turning the back downward. 

7th Exercise. To throw the legs forward, first on the right 
bar, and then on the left. {Fig. 129, PL VII.) 

The pupil, being suspended by his hands, throws his legs forward on 
the right bar, and counts one, the calves resting on the bar ; puts them 
between the bars again and counts two ; then upon the left bar ; and 
continues in this way. 

The Instructor accustoms the pupils to put their legs first on one bar, 
and then on the other, without coming to the first position. 

8 th Exercise. To throw the legs backward on the right bar, 
and then on the left. {Fig. 130, PL VII.) 

The pupil, being suspended by his hands, throws his legs backward 
upon the right bar, and counts one, the calves resting on the bar ; puts 
them between the bars again, and counts two; then upon the left bar; 
and continues in this way. 

The Instructor also accustoms the pupils to throw their legs from the 
right bar forward, to the left bar backward ; then on the left bar for- 
ward and the right bar backward ; and then to return to the first position. 

9th Exercise. To sustain the body horizontally on the wrists. 
{Fig. 131, PL VII.) 

The pupil, being suspended by the hands, bends slowly the upper part 
of the body forward, the whole weight being on the wrists, raises his 
legs to a horizontal line, and remains in that position. 

This exercise may be repeated three or four times. 

10th Exercise. To drop to the ground forward to the right or 
left. {Fig. 132, PL VII.) 

The pupil, being suspended by the hands, throws his legs forward, and 
counts one ; then backward and counts two ; then forward again over the 
right bar, and by his hands pushes his body in that direction, and 
drops to the ground, counting three. 

With the third movement, the left hand is put on the right bar, where 
the right hand was. 

The pupil observes the same rules in throwing himself forward over 
the left bar. 

11th Exercise. To drop to the ground backward to the right or 
left. {Fig. 133, PL VII.) 

The pupil, being suspended by his hands, throws his legs back, count- 
ing one; then forward, counting two; throws them back again, the 
calves straight over the right bar, pushing his body in that direction, 
and drops to the ground, counting three. The left hand changes its 
position as above. 

He observes the same rules in throwing himself backward to the left. 



GY MNASTICS 



31 



12th Exercise. To jump over the bars forward to the right or 

LEFT, IN THREE TIMES. (Fig- 134, PL VII.) 

The pupil places himself ten or twelve steps from the bars, in a per- 
pendicular line to their direction, springs forward, strikes the ground 
with his feet, counting one ; puts one hand over each bar, the left on the 
first bar, the fingers inside, raises his body, lowers his head, and, 
stretching out his legs, passes them between the bars, counting two ; 
then over the second bar, and drops to the ground, counting three, the 
left hand taking the position of the right. 

13th Exercise. To jump over the bars, and to throw himself back 

TO THE RIGHT OR TO THE LEFT, IN FOUR TIMES. 

The pupil springs forward, strikes the ground with his feet, and enters 
between the bars as in the preceding exercise, counting one; throws his 
legs forward, counting two ; throws them back, counting three; passes 
them over the right bar, and drops to the ground, counting four. 

This exercise to the left is executed by the same rule. 

14th Exercise. Jumping over the bars in two times. 

1st. By placing the hands on the two bars. 

The pupil springs forward, strikes the ground with his feet, counting 
one ; puts his hands as in the preceding exercise, raises his legs back- 
ward, inclining his head, stretches his arms, gives an impulse to his body 
from left to right, passes over the bars, and drops to the ground, count- 
ing TWO. 

This and the two preceding exercises, are also executed by placing 
the right hand on the first bar, and the left hand on the second. In 
that case, the body is raised from right to left. 

2nd. By placing the hands on the first bar. 

In this exercise the two hands are placed on the first bar. 

3rd. By placing the hands on the second bar. 

This exercise differs only from the preceding, by both hands being 
placed on the second bar. 



CHAPTER IV. 
Movable Parallel Bars. 

(PI. in., No. 26.) 

The bars are raised about six feet from the ground, that the pupils 
may not touch it when they are hanging by their hands. 

1st Exercise. To move forward and backward when suspended 
by the hands. {Fig. 135, PI. VIII) 

The pupil puts himself under the bars, jumps and suspends himself 
by grasping them, his legs hanging naturally. 

The pupil moves forward and backward, by advancing his hands al- 
ternately : he may also move by jerks. 

2nd Exercise. To rise on the bars, being suspended on them. 
{Fig. 136, PI. VII.) 

The pupil being suspended on the bars, raises his body, puts the fore- 
arms in succession, one on each bar, and by an effort of his wrists raises 
his body until his arms are at full length. 

The pupil may take at once that position without leaning on the 
bars with his fore-arms: in that case the upper part of the body is put 
forward. 



3rd Exercise. To hook the bars with the hands and feet, the 

BACK TURNED DOWNWARD. {Fig. 137, PI. VII.) 

The pupil, being suspended by the hands, raises his body by an effort 
of the wrists, throws his legs forward, bending his head back, hooks 
one heel over each bar, and remains in that position. 

4th Exercise. To stand on the bars. {Fig. 138, a-b, PI. VII.) 

The pupil, being suspended, takes the position explained above; by an 
effort of the hands and legs he raises his head above the bars, (a,) slips 
his legs close to his hands, moves the upper part of his body forward, lets 
go the bars, and quickly seizes them before his knees, raises his body by 
stretching his arms, puts his feet back, and places them one over each 
bar, and raises upright with precaution, (6.) 

5th Exercise. Being erect on the bars, to hook on them with 
the hands and feet, the face downward. 

Being erect on the bars, the pupil stoops and seizes them with his 
hands, slips his feet behind, lowers slowly his body, and remains in this 
way, hooked by the feet and hands. 

To descend, the pupil conforms himself to one of the rules explained 
in Chapter III. 

These exercises can be greatly varied by raising or lowering one of 
the bars, or by placing them in different inclined planes, and by repeat- 
ing the exercises described in the chapter on fixed parallel bars. 

Two of the strongest pupils are placed near the bars, for precaution. 



CHAPTER V. 



Dynamometer. 

In the use of this instrument I particularly recommend the greatest 
vigilance to the Instructors; and the greatest care to the pupils. As a 
general rule, a Dynamometer should not be used under any circumstance 
by the pupils when alone. The emulation instigated by vanity, or self- 
love badly understood, may be the cause of serious accident. It is im- 
portant to make the pupils understand, that the strength, needful as it 
may be, is at the same time the least important quality in gymnastics. 
The pupil should never make too great an effort with this instrument, 
or exert himself too much. Nosce te must be the moral maxim. 

Fig. 140, PI. VII, represents the use of the Dynamometer for 
pression with the hands. The Instructor should be present, to observe 
the indication of the instrument, and mark the pression on his list. 

Fig. 141, PI. VII, represents the force of the loins. The pupil 
places the instrument conveniently under his feet, seizes the handle 
with both hands, and pulls slowly. The Instructor being present, ob- 
serves the muscles and veins of the pupil's neck, who should be without 
a neckerchief. 

When the Instructor perceives that the veins swell, and the face be- 
comes flushed, he immediately stops the exercise, and marks the weight 
upon his list. 

The exercise of traction {Fig. 142, PI. VII.) is very similar to the 
above, with this difference, that the pupil is seated. The same rules are 
to be observed. 

Downward blow. {Fig. 143, PL VII.) The pupil observes to 
strike with his fist just in the middle of the cushion. 

Straight forward blow with both hands. {Fig. 144, PL VII.) 

The instrument is placed as indicated in the figure. 



INSTRUCTIONS IN 



Straight forward blow with the right and with the left 
hand. (Fig. 145, PL VII.) 

The instrument is placed as indicated in the figure. 

Pressure against the Chest. (Fig. 146, Fl. VII.) 

This exercise is easily performed. Small children, who cannot well 
seize the instrument, place a handkerchief around it. The above rule 
is to be observed by the Instructor. 

The force of sustentation. 

This exercise is very useful for man in whatever condition of life he 
maybe placed. It consists of placing upon the shoulders a sack with 
a known weight of dust, sand, tan-bark, &c, and carrying it to a given 
distance, walking carefully. 

The Instructor generally should judiciously conduct the capacity of 
their pupils, so as to learn the weak points as well as the strength of 
each, and ought to choose in the variety of exercises those which are the 
best adapted to improve the weak muscles. He should also check the 
temerity and imprudence in the strong pupils. 



CHAPTER VI. 
Vaulting on the Trapezium. 

(Mach., PI. II., No. 16, p.) 

The exercises on the Trapezium are executed separately, and with- 
out command. 

The Instructor places one of the pupils near the Trapezium to help 
him, who exercises, if it should be necessary. 

1st Exercise. To seize the base of the trapezium, and raise the 

BODY BY AN EFFORT OF THE WRISTS. (Fig. 139, PL VII.) 

The pupil seizes the base of the Trapezium, the thumbs under, the 
hands separated about eighteen inches, raises his body by an effort of 
the wrists, the legs straight, the heels touching each other, and gently 
returns to the ground. 

The Instructor causes this exercise to be repeated many times in suc- 
cession. 

By degrees the pupil will acquire sufficient strength to put his head 
quite over the base of the Trapezium. 

2nd Exercise. To seize the base of the trapezium, swing, and 

THROW HIMSELF AS FAR AS POSSIBLE. (Fig. 147, PL VIII.) 

The pupil runs toward the Trapezium, seizes the base, carries it for- 
ward by the impulse he has given to the body, comes back, repeats 
many times this movement of oscillation, giving to it all the force he 
can, and letting go the base, drops to the ground forward according to 
the rules given. 

3rd Exercise. To raise over the base of the trapezium, and to 

DESCEND, BY LEANING ON THE STOMACH. (Fig. 148, a-b-C, PL VIII.) 

The pupil seizes the base of the trapezium, by an effort of the wrists, 
raises the body as high as he can, at the same time throws his legs (a) 
forward, and raising them, passes them over the base by throwing back 
his body, which by the continuation of this movement will be caused 
to rest on the stomach, the arms set a kimbo, (b.) 



To descend, the pupil slips slowly on the base, the arms supporting 
the weight of his body, (c,) puts the feet on the ground, and lets go 
the base. 

This exercise is also executed by giving to the base the movement of 
oscillation indicated in the second exercise. 

4th Exercise. To get on the base of the trapezium, to sit on 
it, and to descend. (Fig. 149, a-b-c-d-e-f, PL VIII.) 

1st Manner. 

The pupil places himself on the base by leaning on his stomach, as ex- 
plained in the third exercise, puts his right hand on the rope on his right 
as high as he can reach, (a,) raises the body by an effort of the wrists 
(b) until the left arm is stretched to its full length, turns to the right, 
and sits on the base, (c,) the thighs closed ; at the same time seizing 
quickly the rope of the trapezium below the right hand, on a line with 
the shoulder, he catches the opposite rope with his right hand, (d.) 

The pupil observes the same rules in taking position from the left. 

To descend, the pupil throws the body back, and lets slip down his 
thighs until the calves touch the base, slides his hands also on the ropes, 
and seizes the base near his thighs, the thumbs underneath, (e,) con- 
tinues to turn the body over, (/,) lets go the base with both hands at 
once, and drops to the ground according to the rules given. 

2nd Manner. (Fig. 150, a-b, PL VIII.) 

The pupil lies on the stomach, as explained in the third exercise, puts 
his right hand as high as he can reach on the rope, that side, raises his 
body as explained above, (a,) draws up his legs, passes them over the 
base without touching it, sits down, and seizes the rope on a line with 
the shoulders. 

To descend, the pupil puts his hands simultaneously on the base, near 
his thighs, throws his body over, raises himself by an effort of his wrists, 
crosses his legs, to allow them to pass between his arms below the base, 
(b,) stretches them forward, returns over the base by a new effort of his 
wrists, and drops down, as explained in the third exercise. 

5th Exercise. To grasp the base, to hang on it by hooking the 
feet, and to descf.nd. (Fig. 151, a-b-c-d, PL VIII.) 

The pupil seizes the base by the middle, the hands almost touching 
each other, makes an effort with his wrists, throws his body back, 
stretches his legs, applies them against the base forward, hooks his 
feet on the inner sides of the ropes, slips them down to the base, the 
insteps against the ropes, lets go his hands slowly, and finishes by turn- 
ing his body over, which rests suspended by the feet, (a.) 

To come again to the position, the pupil draws up the upper part of 
his body forward, passes his hands under his thighs, grasps the base, 
(&,) unhooks his feet, joins his legs and puts them slowly back, stretches 
his arms, (c,) lets go the base with one hand, and remains suspended by 
the other, stretching his legs at full length. 

In this position the pupil turns on himself, (d,) puts the free hand on 
the base, makes an effort with his wrists, resumes the position on his 
stomach, and drops down in one of the manners explained in the pre- 
ceding exercises. 

6th Exercise. To climb and to descend on the ropes of the trape- 
zium. (Fig. 153, a-b-c-d-e-f-g-h-i.) 

The pupil seizes the ropes (a) and climbs on them to about the height 
of four and a half feet from the base ; makes au effort with his wrists ; 
throws his legs forward, so as to pass them between the ropes, (b ;) turns 
his body entirely over, so that the legs describe a complete circle, the 
wrists supporting the whole weight of the body; puts h'n feet on the 



GYMNASTICS. 



33 



base, and changes the position of his hands one after the other, the fingers 
forward on a line with his hips, (c ;) turns his body forward, (d,) and 
sit& on the base, which he seizes with both hands close to his thighs, (e /) 
then throws his body over backward, slips his thighs on the base down 
to ohe joints of the knees, continues turning over (/) his legs passing 
between the ropes, his body under the base, his legs as nearly as possi- 
ble in a vertical position, (g,) the toes pointing to the ground ; draws 
up his body by an effort of the wrists, crosses his legs, passes them 
under the base, (h,) between his arms, puts them out forward to take 
the position on the stomach, and drops down gently. 

7th Exercise. To get over the base of the trapezium, and to 

MAINTAIN THE BODY OVER AND UNDER IT IN A HORIZONTAL POSITION- (Fig- 

153, a-b-c-d-e-f, PL VIII. and IX.) 

The pupil, being seated on the base, seizes the ropes about six inches 
above it, slips gently forward in a manner the most convenient to him, 
turns himself over, and stiffens and supports himself in a horizontal 
position, with his face turned upward, (a.) After a while he raises his 
egs vertically, (b,) continues the movement until he finds himself 
again in a horizontal position, (c,) but with his face downward, the 
legs at full length ; he remains in that position as long as he can, with 
his muscles contracted. 

He then lowers his legs, (d,) raises them again by a strong jerk, and 
returns to the horizontal position, after which he raises his body and 
sits down, places his hands close to his thighs, the thumbs forward, (e ;) 
the fingers behind, throws himself over forward, passes the legs crossed 
under the base, gets on the trapezium again, his stomach leaning on the 
base, (/,) changes the position of his hands, the fingers forward, the 
thumbs back, and descends. 

The trapezium exercises are done slowly, without jerks or sudden 
movements. 



CHAPTER VII. 
Vaulting on the Wooden Horse. 

(Mach., PI. I., No. 8) 

The Instructor places two pupils near the horse, to render assistance 
if it should be necessary. 
The pupils count aloud all the time of the exercises. 

ART. I. — Vaulting from behind the horse. 

1st Exercise. To raise the body and the legs, the hands placed 

ON THE CROUP AND TO DART BACKWARD. (Fig. 154, a-b, PI. IX.) 

The pupil stands ten or twelve steps behind the horse, runs, takes a 
pring, at the same time puts his hands on the croup and counts one, 
he fingers outward, the thumbs about six inches from each other, lowers 
his head, and by a vigorous effort raises his body high enough to form an 
angle of about fifty degrees with the horizontal line, the weight of his 
body being supported by his arms, which remain nearly straight, (a,) 
gives the body a slight impulse backward, and drops down, counting 
two, the arms forward, the closed hands on a line with the shoulders, (b.) 

OBSERVATIONS. 

All the exercises of the first article, and some of the second, require 
the pupils to take a start by running from a given distance, and to 
spring from the ground. 



2nd Exercise. To sit on the croup right or left face. (Fig. 

155, a-b, PL IX.) 

The pupil runs towards the horse, puts his hands on the croup, as 
above, rises by passing the feet to the left of the horse, and sits on it 
left face, counting one, (a;) stretches his arms parallelly forward, the 
closed hands on a line with the shoulders, the fingers in, and counts 
two; slips from the horse, giving a slight spring, and drops down 
counting three. 

3rd Exercise. To jump on horseback^ and to descend- (Fig. 

156, PI. IX.) 

The pupil puts his hands on the croup, counting one ; rises, spread- 
ing his legs, seats himself, counting two, («,) the body upright, the 
legs hanging naturally, the toes a little in, puts his arms forward paral- 
lelly to each other, counting three ; the closed hands on a line with 
the shoulders, the nails in. 

To descend, the pupil places his hands close before his thighs, the 
fingers outward, rises on his wrists, counting one, (c,) his arms close 
to his body, lowers his head, throws his legs back, counting two, and 
drops down, counting three. 

4th Exercise. To jump on horseback, then on the saddle, then 
on the neck, and to descend. (Fig. 157, a-b-c, PL IX.) 

The pupil runs towards the horse, puts his hands on the croup, as in 
the preceding exercises, counting one, (a,) seizes the pommel, and jumps 
in the saddle, counting two, (b ;) then jumps on the neck, passes his 
right leg over it, counting three, the hands placed on each side of the 
horse, the fingers forward, and throws himself as far as he can, help- 
ing himself with his arms and legs, counting four. 

The whole squad may execute this exercise without interruption in 
the following manner : the first pupil throws himself on his back, and 
jumps into the saddle, and remains there until the second jumps on the 
croup ; then he passes to the neck, and remains there until the second 
jumps into the saddle, and the third on the back, then he descends, and 
so on. 

5th Exercise. To jump on the croup kneeling, and to descend. 
(Fig. 158, a-b, PL IX.) 

The pupil runs towards the horse, puts his hands on the croup, rises 
on his wrists, counting one, the legs bent; falls on his knees on the 
saddle, counting two ; kneels upright, holds his arms forward, counting 
three, (a,) the closed hands on a line with the shoulders. 

To descend he puts his hands close to his knees, counting one, (b ,) 
the fingers out, raises himself on his wrists, counting two ; his arms close 
to his body, throws himself backward, and drops down, counting three. 

6th Exercise. To stand upright on the horse, and to descend. 
(Fig. 159, a-b-c, PL IX.) 

The pupil runs towards the horse, puts his hands on the croup, rises, 
counting one, his body bent, (a,) puts his feet on the croup, counting 
two, and stands upright, counting three, the arms stretched out, (b.) 

To descend, the pupil springs lightly on the back of the horse, count- 
ong one, bends his body forward, raises his legs, takes a starting point 
on the horse with his hands, (c,) throws himself backward, counting 
two, and drops down, counting three. 

7th Exercise. To jump on the saddle, and to descend. (Fig. 
160, a-b-c-d, PL IX.) 

The pupil runs towards the horse, puts his hands on the croup, rises 
on his wrists, counting one, his body in a horizontal position, his legs 
spread, gives a forward impulse to his body, seizes at the same time the 



34 



INSTRUCTIONS IN GYMNASTICS. 



pommel with both hands counting two, jumps into the saddle count- 
ing three, his arms forward, his hands closed, on a line with the shoul- 
ders, (a.) 

To descend, the pupil places his left hand on the pommel, the fingers 
out, the thumbs in ; puts the right hand fiat before his right thigh, 
counting one, his left knee touching the saddle, (6,) puts out his right 
foot, passes it over the horse's back to the side of his left foot, and at 
the same time places his right hand on the back part of the saddle, 
counting two, the thumbs in, the fingers out, (c,) lowers his head, rises 
on his wrists, (rf,) the weight of his body on the elbows, and drops 
down, counting three. 

8th Exercise. To jump over the neck, and to descend without 
sitting on it. {Fig. 161, a-b-c-d, PL IX) 

The pupil runs towards the horse, puts his hands on the croup, count- 
ing one, (a,) then puts them quickly on the neck, without sitting in the 
saddle, (/>,) counting two, the weight of his body on his wrists, (c.) 

To descend, the pupil balances his legs forward and backward, and 
by their impulse, combined with an effort of his wrists, passes his right 
leg over the saddle, and descends to the left of the horse, the feet 
closed, {d.) 

9th Exercise. To leap over the horse in three times. 

The pupil runs towards the horse, puts his hands on the croup, count- 
ing one, then quickly on the neck, counting two, and drops down as far 
forward as he can, counting three. 

10th Exercise. To leap over the horse in two' times. {Fig. 
162, a-b-c, PL X.) 

The pupil runs towards the horse and gives himself such an impulse, 
that with a spring he can put his hands on the neck of it, counting 
one (a,) and passes over the horse, counting two, (6.) 

This exercise is executed also by putting the hands on the croup of 
the horse instead of its neck, in that case the pupil must keep the 
upper part of his body upright while passing over the horse, (c.) 

11th Exercise. To jump on the horse from left to right, or 

FROM RIGHT TO LEFT. {Fig. 163, PL X.) 

The pupil runs toward the horse, puts his hands on the croup, rises, 
counting one, passes his closed legs on the left side of the horse, raises 
his left hand, passes his right leg over the croup, puts his left hand 
again between his thighs, takes off his right hand, and sits on the 
horse's back, counting two, the legs hanging naturally. 

When the pupil is well exercised, he can get into the saddle with 
one spring. 

The pupil descends by one of the methods indicated above. 

12th Exercise. To leap over the horse, from left to right, or 
from RIGHT to left. (Fig. 164, PL X.) 

The pupil executes what is explained in the preceding exercise, only 
instead of sitting on the croup, he throws both legs over the horse, 
and drops to the right, according to the rules given. 

He leaps to the left in the same manner. 



ART. II. — Vaulting across the horse. 

1st Exercise. To jump on the horse, and to drop down. {Fig. 165, 
PL Z.) 

The pupil places himself on the left side of the horse, seizes the 
pommel of the saddle with the left hand and the back part with the 
right hand, bends the inferior limbs, makes an effort with his wrists, 
quits the ground with a strong spring, and counts one, the weight of 
the body resting on the hands, the thighs touching the saddle. 

After this, the pupil extends his right leg, lets go the hind part of 
the saddle, passes the leg over the croup without touching it, at the 
same time advancing the right shoulder, and placing his right hand 
near to the left, sits quietly in the saddle, counting two, his arms 
stretched out parallelly forward. 

To descend, the pupil seizes the pommel with the left hand, the 
fingers outside, the thumb inside, puts the right hand flat, near the 
right thigh, and rises, counting one ; he passes the right foot over the 
croup to place it close to the left, and, at the same time puts the 
right hand on the hind part of the saddle, counting two. He drops 
down, counting three. 

2nd Exercise. To kneel on the saddle and jump forward. {Fig. 
a-b, 166, PL X.) 

The pupil seizes the saddle with both hands, jumps into it on his 
knees, counting one, stretches out his arms parallelly forward, count- 
ing two, (a.) 

After this he lowers his arms, gathering up his body, {b, ) gives a 
spring, by throwing his fists forward and upward, jumps from the sad- 
dle and drops down, counting three. 

3rd Exercise. To leap over the horse by putting the hands on 

THE POMMEL AND THE HIND PART OF THE SADDLE, THE LEGS PASSING 
BETWEEN THE ARMS. {Fig. 167, PL X.) 

The pupil jumps as in the preceding exercise, counting one; 
gathers up his legs as much as possible to pass them between his arms 
without touching the saddle, lets go with the hands, and drops down 
on the other side of the horse, counting three. 

4th Exercise. To leap over the horse by passing the legs over 
the croup or neck. {Fig. 168, PL X.) 

The pupil starts from a distance of ten or twelve steps, seizes the 
saddle with both hands, counting one ; raises his legs, leaning his head 
forward, and stretches out his arms, gives to his body an impulse from 
left to right, or from right to left, passes over the horse, the legs joined, 
and drops to the ground, counting two. 

5th Exercise. To leap over the horse by resting one hand on the 

SADDLE. 

The pupil springs from a given distance, puts the right hand on the 
saddle, passes over the neck of the horse, keeping his legs joined, and 
drops down on the other side, the left hand taking the place of the right. 

This exercise is also executed by putting the left hand on the saddle, 
and passing the legs over the croup. 

Fig. 169, a-b-c, represents the position the pupils must take when ex- 
ercising on the windlass. 

Fig 170, 171, 172, 173, represents the exercises with the rings. 



EXPLANATION OF MACHINERY 

AND 

INSTRUMENTS USED IN GYMNASTICS. 



PLATE I. 

JVo. 1. Belt, 

Is generally made of a strong worsted stuff; never of leather. I 
give the breadth only, which must never he less than four inches 
for men or youths. The most corpulent can have the belt still 
wider, and no gymnast should practise without it. I strongly 
recommend this rule to the Instructors. 

JVo. 2. Gymnastic Chain, 

Is used for running, and to accustom the pupils to the fatigue of 
walking. I have given the largest dimensions of the circles as 
well as of the path. For young pupils twelve feet diameter will 
he sufficient, and the path three feet wide, which must he covered 
with fine sand from three to six inches deep. 

JVo. 3. Striped Bullet: 

A Gymnasium for thirty pupils should have six, of different 
sizes : four pounds, six pounds, and ten pounds. 

JVo. 4. Club: 

Four pair, at least, of different sizes, should be in a Gymnasium ; 
the largest size is here given ; the least may be eighteen inehes 
long, and four inches in diameter at the thick end. Maple is the 
best wood for them. 

JVo. 5. Handle for Struggling, 

Is made of hard- wood, one and a half inches in diameter, for the 
largest part ; one inch in diameter is sufficient for young children : 
the rope, in all, may be half an inch thick. 

No. 6. Crutch, 

Is made of hard-wood, the heads seven inches wide for men, and 



five inches for children, 
inches in diameter. 



The stick to be always one and a half 



JYo. 7. Leaping Posts: 

In a well-built Gymnasium, they should be fixed as represented 
in the Plate ; in a small Gymnasium, they can be movable, provid- 
ing the supports have always the divisions, from two to three 
inches, distinctly marked in oil color. The cross-rope for grown- 
up pupils, half an inch in diameter ; for young ones, a quarter 
of an inch. The bags, (2? J?,) filled with six pounds of sand. 
5 * 



JVo. 8. Horse, 

One of the most essential instruments in a Gymnasium, ought 
to be carefully constructed according to the dimensions given. 
The principal teachers will always have in mind, that any instru- 
ment, made for gymnastic exercises, should last at least thirty 
years, and that no expense should be made for bad work. 

For young pupils the length can be reduced to six feet, but 
never to less ; in that case the thickness of the horse may be re- 
duced by two inches only ; the other dimensions as given in the 
Plate. 

In some Gymnasia, the horses are movable. \ do not recommend 
them to be so: solidity and durability are to be considered. 

JVo 9. Jumping-Table, ' 

Is made of pine- wood ; a very necessary instrument in a Gym- 
nasium which possesses the vertical spars. The small schools 
may dispense with it ; but the Instructor will always have in view 
to replace it by one of less costly construction, and daily accustom 
his 'pupils to jump from a height of five to seven feet, but never 
from a greater. The Instructor should never allow the pupils to 
practise without the belt, or without its being drawn tight. 

JVo. 10. Leaping Pole: 

The best hard and well-grained wood is used for this instrument. 
Its diameter varies according to the age of the pupils, viz.: one 
inch for young pupils ; one inch and a half for full-grown ones. 
The wood must be selected with the greatest care, especially for 
the longest. Once only in my whole practice have I seen the 
leaping pole broken while being used in leaping over a ditch 
twenty-four feet wide, and this was a sufficient warning for me. 

JVo. 11. Stilts, 

Made of the best hard- wood. The diameter of the stick is one 
inch or one and a quarter; the upper part invariably four feet 
and a half long ; the under part from two to five or seven feet, 
according to the skill of the pupils. 

JVo. 12. Sparring Ball, 

Made of strong soft leather, stuffed with horse-hair; the dimen- 
sion varies from eighteen inches to two feet in diameter. 

JVo. 13. Foot Balls, 

Made of thick India rubber ; vary in size from four to eight 
inches in diameter. I regard the foot or hand India rubber balls 



36 



INSTRUCTIONS IN 



as one of the best means of rendering the pupils graceful. I recom- 
mend them strongly to the pupils of both sexes. 

No.' 14. Iron Balls, 

Should be used by grown pupils only. 

No. 15. Dumb Bells : 

The use of them is general and very beneficial. 



PLATE II. 



No. 16. Portico: 



This is a new gymnastic machine, which I introduce to the 
American public. On its merits volumes might be written. No 
bodily exercise is correctly called gymnastic if not executed with 
the aid of the portico ; the whole system of our physical education 
is incomplete without it. 

To climb a rope or pole, a few feet from the ground, is very 
good exercise, but to get on the top of the portico or platform, the 
different manners of settling on it comprise nearly the whole system 
of bodily training. The portico is to gymnastics what algebra 
is to mathematical calculation; only see how all the study is 
simplified ; how amusing all the elementary efforts of little boysj 
or big heavy ones, appear. 

In large cities, where gymnastic exercises are practised in 
rooms, the portico cannot be used; but in country schools the 
portico should occupy the best part of the playing ground, or let 
the pleasant shade of the grove be assigned to it. Even the chil- 
dren of common schools should have a portico. 

I here give the dimensions of a portico of the first class for 
grown pupils in colleges, universities, academies, military or naval 
schools, or fire companies : the boys can have a portico of ten to 
eleven feet high, with all the instruments less in proportion. 

For greater security, the top of the portico may have hand-rails, 
four feet high and six feet apart; it will give confidence to begin- 
ners crossing from one platform to another, but will soon become 
useless. 

Some of the porticos have no platforms ; they are very incom- 
plete for a large number of pupils, say forty. It is above all 
incomplete in scaling. Where can twenty pupils be placed on the 
top of the portico, if there are no platforms \ Besides, the cost of 
adding them is trifling in comparison with that of another instru- 
ment. 

The rigging of the portico here given consists of: — 

a. a., Fixed Poles for Climbing. 

b. Ladders. 

c. i., Oscillating Poles. 

d. Spoked Pole. 

e. Bois-Roze's Ladder. 
/. Smooth Rope. 

g. Rings. 

h. Amoros's Ladder. 
k. Knotted Rope. 
p. Trapezium. 
m. Rope Ladder, 
o. Head Rope. 



The dimensions given for each instrument are those best adapted 
to the ease and safety of the pupils, according to my experience 
gained in many years' practice. I have had in view the solidity, 
durability, and usefulness of each instrument, and recommended 
them accordingly. If the poles or ropes are rather large for some 
of the pupils, they will not cut their hands, and are easier for 
practice. 

There must be a bed of fine sand, extending eight feet beyond 
the portico all round, which must always be stirred before the 
exercises commence. The immense advantage of out-door ex- 
ercises is, that, if a fall should unfortunately happen, serious con- 
sequences are prevented ; besides this, the mixture of heat, dust 
gas, and perspiration in the air of a room, has not a very salutary 
influence on the lungs of the pupils. When exercising, our lungs 
should always have a fresh supply of pure air. Our body, being 
hardened by constant practice, has no fear of cold or wind. 
Rain is not good ; no practice can be done in the rain, but snow is 
always welcome, although not exactly convenient for exercises on 
the portico. 

In large establishments, the portico and other instruments can 
be covered with a roof; in that case, gymnastic exercises can be 
practised daily, regardless of the weather. 

No. 17. Ladders: 

The best hard and well-grained wood is used for this instrument. 
It is true that the sides of my ladders are heavy, but the pupils will 
readily perceive, when exercising on them, the advantage of this, 
by not hurting their hands on them ; and we know that light lad- 
ders cannot always be used in case of emergency. 

No. 18. Iron Hook, 

Must be made, according to the drawings, of the best materials, 
and by a careful and skillful workman. The hook is one of the 
most important of the instruments, and no precaution should be 
spared in their manufacture. 

No. 19. Movable Stirrup: 

The rope used in this instrument is only half an inch in diam- 
eter, the round is made of hard- wood. 

No. 20. Horizontal Spar, 

Is made of pine wood, and elevated about two feet from the 
ground. It is for the practice of equilibrium. 

No. 21. Amoros's Hooks: 

The construction of these instruments is very important : the 
hooks are made of the best iron, pointed with steel. They should 
be made by mechanics of high reputation as workmen. 

No. 22. The Windlass, 

Will be used only in large establishments having sufficient 
space for the different machinery and instruments. The same 
precaution must be taken for its iron work as for the hooks. 

No. 23. A Log, 

Answers the same purpose as a horizontal spar, and can have the 
supports unequal in height. 



GYMNASTICS. 



37 



JYo. 24. Block, 

Is jmade of the dimensions given, and only used in Amoros's 
Ladder. 



PLATE III. 



JYo. 25. Grooved Boards, 

Are made of pin? wood, according to the dimensions given. 

JYo. 26. Movable Parallel Bars, 

Are among the principal instruments in a Gymnasium. They 
should be made with care and precision. The supports may be of 
hard-wood, or of the best southern pine ; the bars must always be 
of hard-wood. 

JYo. 27. Fixed Parallel Bars, 

Should be constructed with great care and neat workmanship. 
Those for young pupils maybe of from nine to twelve feet in 
length, with only two supports at each end ; in large Gymnasia 
they may be of from sixteen to twenty feet in length, in which 
case three supports will be required at each side. The greatest 
distance outside is two feet one inch for grown persons ; but it 
should not be less than sixteen inches for the youngest pupils. 

JYo. 28. Circles of Stones and Pickets: 

Any hard-wood will answer for the construction of pickets ; the 
stones should be of nearly an equal height. No particular atten- 
tion need be paid to the finish of the work; the pickets must 
be steady in the ground. 

JYo. 29. Suspension Bars: 

This very valuable instrument can be built in large gymnastic 
establishments only. Its importance is next to that of the portico, 
and in many instances is the only instrument used in a family 
Gymnasium. I here give a description of an isolated suspension 
bar: 

Two thick boards of bard-wood, or of the best pine-wood, say six 
inches by three, and nine feet long, should be fixed six feet apart, 
and three feet in the ground. In each of these boards are holes to 
pass the bars through. The number of holes varies according to 
the quality of the wood, and the strength of the pupils exercising 
on it. If the supports are of hard-wood, they may be constructed 
like those of the movable parallel bars. This instrument is so 
useful, and at the same time so cheap, that I may venture to say 
each family will have one. The pupils, who cannot attend the 
Gymnasium, may practise at home and be greatly benefited in 
their health. 



JYos. 30 & 34. Dynamometers, 

Are indispensable instruments in a good Gymuasium, showing 
the effects of practice, the strength acquired, aud the progressive 



development of the whole system. The difficulty of procuring 
them in this country is the reason why such useful instruments 
are not seen in Gymnasia. I import them direct from Paris. 

JYo. 31. Oscillating Spar, 

Made of pine-wood : the length of the rope from the hook to 
the spar is twelve feet. 

JYo. 32. Cross-bow, 

Is an excellent instrument to accustom youth to gunning and 
shooting. 

JYo. 33. Inclined Parallel Rope: 

The large establishments should possess this valuable instru- 
ment ; it is one of the easiest to construct. The greatest precau- 
tion is necessary for the iron work and hooks. 

JYo. 35. Board with Holes, 

Is made of hard-wood, or the best pine, never less than two 
inches thick ; the holes one foot apart. This instrument is always 
in a more or less inclined position. 

JYo. 36. Spar with Holes, 

Is made of any kind of wood, the holes one foot apart for grown 
pupils. This instrument is placed vertically. 



PLATE IV. 



JYo. 37. Masts: 



Masts are of various heights. They should be about twenty 
feet high for young pupils, and thirty for adults. Four masts of 
different sizes may be placed together; the largest being ten 
inches, and the smallest five inches in diameter at the foot; the 
tops must be at least three inches in diameter. They should be 
made of hard- wood ; the pine would be affected by the weather. 

The upper ends of these masts are to be fastened together by iron 
cross-bars. At the top of each mast there should be a pulley with 
a rope passing through it, one end of which rope may be attached 
to the belt-ring, in order to aid the timid and feeble to climb. 
There also may be holes covered with iron or tin, to receive little 
standards or prizes, to incite emulation, to take away the fear of 
difficulties which all feel at first, and to draw the attention from 
the pain which may be felt in the legs and muscles. 

JYo. 38. Ditch: 

Its dimensions in depth and breadth should be regulated by the 
age of the pupils. 

JYo. 39. Vaulting Horizontal Spars: 

A Gymnasium, possessing this machine, of which the plate 
shows the exact working scale, may dispense with the jum ping- 
table. 

All the sharp edges of gymnastic instruments must be taken off. 



COURSE OF INSTRUCTION. 



FORCES MEASURED BY WEIGHT. 



Name of the pupil, 
Birth-place, - 
Age, (years, months,) - 
Structure of the body, - 
Color of the face, - 

Eyes, 

Hair, - - - 

Shape, - 
Temperament, 
Health, - - 

Character, - 

Inclination for the exercises, 
Disposition for singing, - 
Quality of voice, - 
Weight, (pounds,) 




MEASURE. 

It Is very necessary to have this simple instrument in Gymnasia in 
order to know the growth of the pupils. The height and weight of each 
pupil must be registered by the Instructor, and verified every three 
months. 





Feet. 


Inches. 



Pressure with the hands, - 

Force of the loins and hands, 

Tractive force, 

Downward blow with the right fist, 

do do left fist, 

Straight-forward blow with both hands, 

do do the right fist, 

do do the left fist, 
Pressure against the chest, - 

Weight supported, - . - - 


* 







* The date of the above measurement will he inscribed in the columns, and compari- 
sons made every three months. 



APTITUDE FOR EXERCISES. 



Agility, 

Skill, ------- 

Velocity, 

Courage, ------ 





Prizes or nominations received which presume the good conduct or 
proficiency in the exercises. 

Moral influence of the exercises on the sentiments and intelligence 
of the pupil. 

Pugilism, or boxing, is banished from the gymnastic exercises as 
immoral and brutalizing. Gymnastics teach all that is necessary for 
self-defence in case of necessity. 



Fid\] 




Fid. 2. 






Fid 10. 



Fid. 20. 



Fig.21 



Fid. 22. 




PL 1. 



Yio'.h. 



rio-.s. 




Re* 14. 



Yi6.ll 



Tid 16. 



Zig.17. 



Fig. 18. 




o. 



Eg. 24. 



Fid 2 5. Ecj.26 

6 © 




g^" 




(h J] WesoittS (b.Ii/Yi. cor Waff I Tthter St. 2T. Y. 



/ 



\ 



IM, 



Fm.l. 



Fid. 2. 



Fid. 5. 



Firf.4. 



rid'. 5. 



Fio'. 6. 



Fitf. T. 



Fio. S. 




- 



Fitf.28. 



Fid.29. 

o 



Fid 30. 



Fro. 51. 



tf£52. 



Pro i 




Eid. 57. 



Fi6. 58. 



F 




Fio. 4J 




PL. II. 




Fid. 28. 



Fi£29. 



Fi£30. 



Fid- 31. 



Fid.52. 



Fro 



Fid. 34. 



Fid. 55 



IM. II 



Fid. iti. 







' 




p^8ifii^i^ 



Ph. III. 



rid 50. 

6 



Fid 51. 



Fid 52 




I. Pill 



Fro. 63. 



Fi£.62. 




Fid. (5 ! 




Fio. (58. 



Fid. 69. 



Fid TO. 




1 '■' , . 



a. Fid. ()•) b. 



Fid. 67. 




Fid. 77. 



Fig. 78, 



Fid. 79, 




Fid. 80 




'16. () /. 




n..w. 




.//■;. Sf.A7fance de7. 



pl y 




ff. -F. Jfrvlitt S- Co. err Wall A Water St. JtT.Y. 



vi y 




.//;' ,/ .l/fmire <i,/ 



■ / v,.,nu i r,. ,-r in,// .r r*/frSf y y. 




Fio.liX, 



PL. VI. 



Fio. 112. 

1). 



Fio, 113 



Kg. 118. 




PL. VI. 




Ki».ili 




•>', 



!<io. m. 



Fio. 122. 




tLlVTF. 



FI6.12I. 



Firf. m 



Fi«i. 123 

s 




: y-*:- ^ ,-j^rf^ - /i->- -it --^/.:^'- 



N..VTI. 




i . 



Fip.147. 







./ /: J'JTfonee del. 



PL.vm. 





Yi<i.li9. 




Fi.o. 1.52. 



w& 




Eio. 1.53 

b^ 




0-. F. W?s7>itt$ Co. . cor It alt f ""■ 



I'LVIII 




tymrtM. 






Via. 15:5. 




rf/fo7tre '/'■' 



PL. IX. 



— i 



V 10 . 8.).; 



Eio. 156. 







/ 7Tfy'6i/t ,\' Co. cor : >ti// 



PL.1X. 



b'ie. l.li>. 







Fid. 101 



• E6.162.. 

6, 




PL.X 

n 



io.164. 




R6.167 




rid. 168. 




Fi6.i70 

ft 




I jo. 17 i. 

5 




I . TS6.172". 




FiaAfS, 




j m 



n.x. 




Y 



N? I 




J R if J/j'nn re Jr/ 



Machines and Instruments PL.]. 



.lumpiii{5 Table 
D/. |E. 




Bird.s eve view, 



W 



Sec. E.E 



o 



m 5. 




n<? 11, 






.9" I 



N» 4. 





1 


1 


i— 




~1 


n 


_> 




- 

~1 


n 






h 


"i 


~? 




i 


n 


^ 




i 


ri 


> 




Vi 




,.- 










' 




A'-2 J '-- 


-- ' 











J 




N? 12 , 



^i)cZ^w) 



u 




NV 13. 



HP 14=. 



IponBar from 6 ft, to 20 tl . 



,•-•' a X'fs&itt- £ Co. ,cor //*//, i Water-St A'. >' 



Machines and Instruments P.L.I. 




.. / i livrrr.tr ,i:>: 



J f. tl J/Jmrr rirl. 



End vfev of the Portico. 



W16. 

Portico of the I s ? Class. 
Toted Icncfhh, SO feet. 




3? 22 



m 20. 



A.M-A. 



^y 



Lrnqth from 30 f((t to, SO ftct. 



Birds eye Tiew of the Portico. 



:x? 2i. 



W ft 



3 £ 



from ll'toVt* 



-SH-*; 



-"/ i - --■>. 



3 X 



^xc; 






^j====3E~i=pj gjSV) ) . - ~- 



O 



--^ ( >= 



y^S' y -4 //'an re Je7. 



Machines and hi.strum.ents PL. II. 



N? 17. 



Sec.A.B. 




■+-S** 



~6H"~i 



%.-.*• ,, '-S 



';■' 



3$ 



t= 



:' 



rV'i' 



m~~~ 




3H" 



A T ? 24. 



(53^ 



.9"-—*—9"— 



$° 23 



Jro^TJt-im^QrS^ 3fe»-. C£ 





#^ JTesiittJl Co.. car WaH £ WZm'St.2r.Y~ 



I 



Machines and Instruments Pl,.n. 

N? 17. 




/£ J .1/fanr, J,/ 



N? 25. 
Grooved boards 
Side view. Froirt view. 



-e^VSide view. 



2" J 2 



N? 26. 

Moveable parallel bars. 
E nd view. 




[n^^ 



N? 29. 




« 


^~^\ 


'" 


r-~~ 




• 




c 


N?.-?, 1 ) 







• 




o 




« 









o 









• 






r ■ 




o 




c 




• 




o 




o 









' 









o 




© 




o 




o 




c 











IV? 36, 



.//; y .*//;>« r< </,/. 



"Machines and Instruments PL.HL 



Dynamo 




meter. 



9 



& 



0>#'<Q O 



m 28 



Q 



a 



Q 



N° 27 
Fixed parallel Bars. 



1S T ?30. 




=m 



a 



^ 



& 



o 



% 



Q 













o Iff 

23 o 

;2 







^7"2l 



2« 



Q 



^ 



S 



N? 31. 



16 o 

20 



re" . ° 







$ 



<3 



Q3 






• /' 



J» 



c5* 



CMto ^ 



42? 




^~ViwoT tji*. End "E. ~^ . > View of thy End ijT^ 




Inclined, parallel Hopes. 




DvnamoHteieT. 



\y 



j^= 





ff-F Wrsiitt £ (b. car Wall J- Water St. W.TT 



Machines and Instruments PI, .ID. 




fl F /Trjhl ' ""'" ■' '■ r 



.If. SMfimr, «V 



c. 



.Masts 
3° 37. 



Birds eve view. 





- , : -■ — „,| 





uuwrm- 



r mrlrn 






n r\ .'\ / 



LdJldJld 






* 



innmT 



ihhnJi 



: j- < ' ~ 



1/1/V1/L 



il fence del. 



Machines and Instruments PL. TV. 




End view 13. 



Tt°. 39. \ 

Horizontal Spar. \ 



riLtnglU from>24 '^ to <^J2' 



Birds eye vie>v 




A 



a. 



~B~ 



i> 



Support for the middle. 



r s%m 



J 



10"- 




0-.J] Irs stiff <g Co.Zitk. cor Wall & Wafer Sf.W.Y. 



Macluu.es and Instruments PL. IV. 




0. /•• Whiilt .< Ca /.,'.', car Waff i Wa/tr ■/ I > ' 



J I; JM/ancedel. 



?• ./* V 























4> <^ 



y~<&. \wsgs$r: *r^ -. 















^°«* 






2k ** * 



c o 



«•*•* ^* ,o* .•*'•• *b. 







>», "• . » * A 

















